RFC 9594 | Key Provisioning for Group Communication | August 2024 |
Palombini & Tiloca | Standards Track | [Page] |
This document defines how to use the Authentication and Authorization for Constrained Environments (ACE) framework to distribute keying material and configuration parameters for secure group communication. Candidate group members that act as Clients and are authorized to join a group can do so by interacting with a Key Distribution Center (KDC) acting as the Resource Server, from which they obtain the keying material to communicate with other group members. While defining general message formats as well as the interface and operations available at the KDC, this document supports different approaches and protocols for secure group communication. Therefore, details are delegated to separate application profiles of this document as specialized instances that target a particular group communication approach and define how communications in the group are protected. Compliance requirements for such application profiles are also specified.¶
This is an Internet Standards Track document.¶
This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has received public review and has been approved for publication by the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 7841.¶
Information about the current status of this document, any errata, and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9594.¶
Copyright (c) 2024 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved.¶
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Revised BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Revised BSD License.¶
This document builds on the Authentication and Authorization for Constrained Environments (ACE) framework and defines how to request, distribute, and renew keying material and configuration parameters to protect message exchanges in a group communication environment.¶
Candidate group members that act as ACE Clients and are authorized to join a group can interact with the Key Distribution Center (KDC) acting as the ACE Resource Server that is responsible for that group in order to obtain the necessary keying material and parameters to communicate with other group members.¶
In particular, this document defines the operations and interface available at the KDC, as well as general message formats for the interactions between Clients and the KDC. At the same time, communications in the group can rely on different approaches, e.g., based on multicast [GROUP-CoAP] or publish-subscribe (pub-sub) messaging [CoAP-PUBSUB], and can be protected in different ways.¶
Therefore, this document delegates details on the communication and security approaches used in a group to separate application profiles. These are specialized instances of this document that target a particular group communication approach and define how communications in the group are protected, as well as the specific keying material and configuration parameters provided to group members.¶
In order to ensure consistency and aid the development of such application profiles, Appendix A of this document defines a number of related compliance requirements. In particular, Appendix A.1 compiles the requirements that application profiles are REQUIRED to fulfill; these are referred to by an identifier that starts with "REQ". Instead, Appendix A.2 compiles the requirements that application profiles MAY fulfill; these are referred to by an identifier that starts with "OPT".¶
New keying material is intended to be generated and distributed to the group upon membership changes (rekeying). If the application requires backward security (i.e., new group members must be prevented from accessing communications in the group prior to their joining), then a rekeying has to occur every time new members join the group. If the application requires forward security (i.e., former group members must be prevented from accessing communications in the group after their leaving), then a rekeying has to occur every time current members leave or are evicted from the group.¶
A group rekeying scheme performs the actual distribution of the new keying material by rekeying the current group members when a new Client joins the group and rekeying the remaining group members when a Client leaves the group. This can rely on different approaches, including efficient group rekeying schemes such as those described in [RFC2093], [RFC2094], and [RFC2627].¶
Consistently with what is recommended in the ACE framework, this document uses Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) [RFC8949] for data encoding. However, using JSON [RFC8259] instead of CBOR is possible by relying on the conversion method specified in Sections 6.1 and 6.2 of [RFC8949].¶
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here.¶
Readers are expected to be familiar with the following:¶
A node interested in participating in group communication, as well as one that is already participating as a group member, is interchangeably denoted as "Client".¶
This document also uses the following terms.¶
A set of nodes that share common keying material and security parameters used to protect their communications with one another. That is, the term refers to a "security group".¶
This term is not to be confused with an "application group", which has relevance at the application level and whose members share a common pool of resources or content. Examples of application groups are the set of all nodes deployed in a same physical room or the set of nodes registered to a pub-sub topic.¶
This term is also not to be confused with a "multicast group", which has relevance at the network level and whose members all listen to a group network address for receiving messages sent to that group. An example of a multicast group is the set of nodes that are configured to receive messages that are sent to the group's associated IP multicast address.¶
The same security group might be associated with multiple application groups. Also, the same application group might be associated with multiple security groups. Further details and considerations on the mapping between the three types of groups are out of the scope of this document.¶
Furthermore, this document uses "names" or "identifiers" for groups and nodes. Their different meanings are summarized below.¶
This document additionally uses the following terminology:¶
Throughout this document, examples for CBOR data items are expressed in CBOR extended diagnostic notation as defined in Section 8 of [RFC8949] and Appendix G of [RFC8610] ("diagnostic notation"), unless noted otherwise. We often use diagnostic notation comments to provide a textual representation of the numeric parameter names and values.¶
At a high level, the key provisioning process is separated in two phases: the first one follows the ACE framework between the Client, AS, and KDC, while the second one is the actual key distribution between the Client and KDC. After the two phases are completed, the Client is able to participate in the group communication via a Dispatcher entity.¶
The following participants (see Figure 1) take part in the authorization and key distribution.¶
Group members: Nodes that have joined a group where they take part in group communication with one another, protecting it with the group keying material obtained from the KDC.¶
Dispatcher: An entity through which the Clients communicate with the group when sending a message intended for multiple group members. That is, the Dispatcher distributes such a one-to-many message to the group members as intended recipients. The Dispatcher does not have access to the group keying material. A single-recipient message intended for only one group member may be delivered by alternative means, i.e., with no assistance from the Dispatcher.¶
Examples of a Dispatcher are: the Broker in a pub-sub setting; a relayer for group communication that delivers group messages as multiple unicast messages to all group members; and an implicit entity as in a multicast communication setting, where messages are transmitted to a multicast IP address and delivered on the transport channel.¶
If it consists of an explicit entity, such as a pub-sub Broker or a message relayer, the Dispatcher is comparable to an untrusted on-path intermediary; as such, it is able to see the messages sent by Clients in the group but not able to decrypt them and read their plain content.¶
This document specifies a mechanism for:¶
Renewing and redistributing the group keying material (rekeying), e.g., upon a membership change in the group (Section 6).¶
Rekeying the group may result in a temporary misalignment of the keying material stored by the different group members. Different situations where this can happen and how they can be handled are discussed in Section 6.3.¶
Figure 2 provides a high-level overview of the message flow for a node joining a group. The message flow can be expanded as follows.¶
The joining node requests an access token from the AS in order to access one or more group-membership resources at the KDC and hence join the associated groups.¶
This exchange between the Client and AS MUST be secured, as specified by the transport profile of ACE used between the Client and KDC. Based on the response from the AS, the joining node will establish or continue using a secure communication association with the KDC.¶
The joining node transfers authentication and authorization information to the KDC by transferring the obtained access token. This is typically achieved by including the access token in a request sent to the /authz-info endpoint at the KDC.¶
Once this exchange is completed, the joining node MUST have a secure communication association established with the KDC before joining a group under that KDC.¶
This exchange and the following secure communications between the Client and the KDC MUST occur in accordance with the transport profile of ACE used between the Client and KDC, such as the DTLS transport profile of ACE [RFC9202] or the OSCORE transport profile of ACE [RFC9203].¶
The joining node starts the joining process to become a member of the group by sending a request to the related group-membership resource at the KDC. Based on the application requirements and policies, the KDC may perform a group rekeying by generating new group keying material and distributing it to the current group members through the rekeying scheme used in the group.¶
At the end of the joining process, the joining node has received the parameters and group keying material from the KDC to securely communicate with the other group members. Also, the KDC has stored the association between the authorization information from the access token and the secure communication association with the joining node.¶
C AS KDC Group | | | Members / | | | | | |--- Authorization Request -->| | | | | | | | | |<-- Authorization Response --| | | (*) < | | | | | | | | | | |--- Token Transfer Request ---->| | | | | | | |<--- Token Transfer Response-----| | \ | | | | | | | | |--------- Join Request --------->| | | | | | | | | -- Group rekeying -->| | | | (optional) | |<-------- Join Response ---------| | | | | | | | | | | | | Dispatcher | | | | |<======= Secure group communication =========|=========>| | | | (*) Defined in the ACE framework
This section describes in detail the format of messages exchanged by the participants when a node requests access to a given group. This exchange is based on ACE [RFC9200].¶
As defined in [RFC9200], the Client asks the AS for the authorization to join the group through the KDC (see Section 3.1). If the request is approved and authorization is granted, the AS provides the Client with a proof-of-possession access token and parameters to securely communicate with the KDC (see Section 3.2).¶
Communications between the Client and the AS MUST be secured according to what is defined by the used transport profile of ACE. The Content-Format used in the message also depends on the used transport profile of ACE. For example, it can be "application/ace+cbor" for the first two messages and "application/cwt" for the third message, which are defined in the ACE framework.¶
The transport profile of ACE also defines a number of details, such as the communication and security protocols used with the KDC (see Appendix C of [RFC9200]).¶
Figure 3 gives an overview of the exchange described above.¶
Client AS KDC | | | |---- Authorization Request: POST /token ------->| | | | | |<--- Authorization Response: 2.01 (Created) ----| | | | | |---- Token Transfer Request: POST /authz-info ------->| | | | |<--- Token Transfer Response: 2.01 (Created) -------->| | | |
The Client sends a Token Transfer Request to the KDC, i.e., a CoAP POST request including the access token and targeting the /authz-info endpoint (see Section 5.10.1 of [RFC9200]).¶
Note that this request deviates from the one defined in [RFC9200], since it allows asking the KDC for additional information concerning the authentication credentials used in the group to ensure source authentication, as well as for possible additional group parameters.¶
The joining node MAY ask for this information from the KDC through the same Token Transfer Request. In this case, the message MUST have Content-Format "application/ace+cbor" registered in Section 8.16 of [RFC9200], and the message payload MUST be formatted as a CBOR map, which MUST include the access token. The CBOR map MAY additionally include the following parameter, which, if included, MUST have the format and value as specified below.¶
null
(0xf6) to request information about the signature algorithm, the signature algorithm parameters, the signature key parameters, and the exact format of authentication credentials used in the groups that the Client has been authorized to join.¶
Alternatively, such information may be pre-configured on the joining node or may be retrieved by alternative means. For example, the joining node may have performed an early group discovery process and obtained the link to the associated group-membership resource at the KDC, along with attributes that describe the group configuration (e.g., see [OSCORE-DISCOVERY]).¶
After successful verification, the Client is authorized to receive the group keying material from the KDC and join the group. Hence, the KDC replies to the Client with a Token Transfer Response, i.e., a CoAP 2.01 (Created) response.¶
The Token Transfer Response MUST have Content-Format "application/ace+cbor", and its payload is a CBOR map. Note that this deviates from what is defined in the ACE framework, where the response from the /authz-info endpoint is defined as conveying no payload (see Section 5.10.1 of [RFC9200]).¶
If a scope entry in the access token specifies a role that requires the Client to send its own authentication credential to the KDC when joining the related group, then the CBOR map MUST include the 'kdcchallenge' parameter defined in Section 3.3.2, specifying a dedicated challenge N_S generated by the KDC.¶
Later, when joining the group (see Section 4.3.1.1), the Client uses the 'kdcchallenge' value and additional information to build a proof-of-possession (PoP) input. In turn, this is used to compute the PoP evidence that the Client also provides to the KDC, in order to prove possession of its own private key (see the 'client_cred_verify' parameter in Section 4.3.1).¶
While storing the access token, the KDC MUST store the 'kdcchallenge' value associated with the Client at least until it receives a Join Request from the Client (see Section 4.3.1.1) to be able to verify the PoP evidence provided during the join process and thus that the Client possesses its own private key. The KDC deletes the 'kdcchallenge' value associated with the Client upon deleting the access token (e.g., upon its expiration, see Section 5.10.3 of [RFC9200]).¶
The same 'kdcchallenge' value MAY be reused several times by the Client to generate new PoP evidence, e.g., in case the Client provides the KDC with a new authentication credential while being a group member (see Section 4.9.1.1) or joins a different group where it intends to use a different authentication credential. Therefore, it is RECOMMENDED that the KDC keeps storing the 'kdcchallenge' value after the first join is processed as well. If, upon receiving a Join Request from a Client, the KDC has already discarded the 'kdcchallenge' value, that will trigger an error response with a newly generated 'kdcchallenge' value that the Client can use to restart the join process, as specified in Section 4.3.1.1.¶
If 'sign_info' is included in the Token Transfer Request, the KDC SHOULD include the 'sign_info' parameter in the Token Transfer Response, as per the format defined in Section 3.3.1. Note that the field 'id' of each 'sign_info_entry' specifies the name or array of group names to which that 'sign_info_entry' applies. As an exception, the KDC MAY omit the 'sign_info' parameter in the Token Transfer Response even if 'sign_info' is included in the Token Transfer Request in case none of the groups that the Client is authorized to join use signatures to achieve source authentication.¶
Note that the CBOR map specified as payload of the 2.01 (Created) response may include further parameters, e.g., according to the used transport profile of ACE. Application profiles of this specification MAY define additional parameters to use within this exchange (OPT2).¶
Application profiles of this specification MAY define alternative specific negotiations of parameter values for the signature algorithm and signature keys if 'sign_info' is not used (OPT3).¶
If allowed by the used transport profile of ACE, the Client may provide the access token to the KDC by other means than the Token Transfer Request. An example is the DTLS transport profile of ACE, where the Client can provide the access token to the KDC during the secure session establishment (see Section 3.3.2 of [RFC9202]).¶
The 'sign_info' parameter is an OPTIONAL parameter of the request and response messages exchanged between the Client and the /authz-info endpoint at the RS (see Section 5.10.1 of [RFC9200]).¶
This parameter allows the Client and the RS to exchange information about a signature algorithm and about authentication credentials to accordingly use for signature verification. Its exact semantics and content are application specific.¶
In this specification and in application profiles building on it, this parameter is used to exchange information about the signature algorithm and about authentication credentials to be used with it in the groups indicated by the transferred access token as per its 'scope' claim (see Section 3.2).¶
When used in the Token Transfer Request sent to the KDC (see Section 3.3), the 'sign_info' parameter specifies the CBOR simple value null
(0xf6). This is done to ask for information about the signature algorithm and about the authentication credentials used in the groups that, as per the granted roles, the Client has been authorized to join or interact with (e.g., as an external signature verifier).¶
When used in the following Token Transfer Response from the KDC (see Section 3.3), the 'sign_info' parameter is a CBOR array of one or more elements. The number of elements is at most the number of groups that the Client has been authorized to join or interact with. Each element contains information about signing parameters and about authentication credentials for one or more groups and is formatted as follows.¶
null
(0xf6), which indicates that the KDC does not act as a repository of authentication credentials for group members. Its acceptable integer values are taken from the "Label" column of the "COSE Header Parameters" registry [COSE.Header.Parameters], with some of those values also indicating the type of container to use for exchanging the authentication credentials with the KDC (e.g., a chain or bag of certificates). It is REQUIRED for application profiles to define specific values to use for this parameter, consistently with the acceptable formats of authentication credentials (REQ6).¶
The CDDL notation [RFC8610] of the 'sign_info' parameter is given below.¶
sign_info = sign_info_req / sign_info_resp sign_info_req = null ; in the Token Transfer ; Request to the KDC sign_info_resp = [ + sign_info_entry ] ; in the Token Transfer ; Response from the KDC sign_info_entry = [ id : gname / [ + gname ], sign_alg : int / tstr, sign_parameters : [ any ], sign_key_parameters : [ + parameter : any ], cred_fmt : int / null ] gname = tstr¶
This format is consistent with every signature algorithm currently defined in [RFC9053], i.e., with algorithms that have only the COSE key type as their COSE capability. Appendix B describes how the format of each 'sign_info_entry' can be generalized for possible future registered algorithms having a different set of COSE capabilities.¶
The 'kdcchallenge' parameter is an OPTIONAL parameter of the response message returned from the /authz-info endpoint at the RS, as defined in Section 5.10.1 of [RFC9200]. This parameter contains a challenge generated by the RS and provided to the Client.¶
In this specification and in application profiles building on it, the Client can use this challenge to prove possession of its own private key in the Join Request (see the 'client_cred_verify' parameter in Section 4.3.1).¶
This section describes the functionalities provided by the KDC, as related to the provisioning of the keying material as well as to the group membership management.¶
In particular, this section defines the interface available at the KDC, specifies the handlers of each resource provided by the KDC interface, and describes how Clients interact with those resources to join a group and to perform additional operations as group members.¶
A key operation that the Client can perform after transferring the access token to the KDC is a Join Request-Response exchange with the KDC. In the Join Request, the Client specifies the group it requests to join (see Section 4.3.1.1). The KDC will then check the stored access token associated with the Client and verify that the Client is accordingly authorized to join the specified group. In case of successful verification, the KDC provides the Client with the keying material to securely communicate with the other members of the group.¶
Later on as a group member, the Client can also rely on the interface at the KDC to perform additional operations consistent with the roles it has in the group.¶
The KDC provides its interface by hosting the following resources. Note that the root url-path "ace-group" used hereafter is a default name; implementations are not required to use this name and can define their own instead.¶
If request messages sent to the KDC as well as success response messages from the KDC include a payload and specify a Content-Format, those messages MUST have Content-Format "application/ace-groupcomm+cbor", which is registered in Section 11.2. CBOR map keys used for the message parameters are defined in Section 8.¶
/ace-group : the path of this root resource is invariant once the resource is established and indicates that this specification is used. If other applications run on a KDC implementing this specification and use this same path, those applications will collide, and a mechanism will be needed to differentiate the endpoints.¶
A Client can access this resource in order to retrieve a set of group names, each corresponding to one of the specified group identifiers. This operation is described in Section 4.2.1.1.¶
Clients may be authorized to access this resource even without being members of any group managed by the KDC and even if they are not authorized to become group members (e.g., when authorized to be external signature verifiers).¶
The Interface Description (if=) Link Target Attribute value "ace.groups" is registered in Section 11.5 and can be used to describe the interface provided by this root resource.¶
The example below shows an exchange with a KDC with address 2001:db8::ab that hosts the resource /ace-group and returns a link to such a resource in link-format [RFC6690].¶
Request: Header: GET (Code=0.01) Uri-Host: "kdc.example.com" Uri-Path: ".well-known" Uri-Path: "core" Uri-Query: "if=ace.groups" Response: Header: Content (Code=2.05) Content-Format: application/link-format Payload: <coap://[2001:db8::ab]/ace-group>;if="ace.groups"¶
/ace-group/GROUPNAME : one such sub-resource to /ace-group is hosted for each group with the name GROUPNAME that the KDC manages. In particular, it is the group-membership resource associated with that group, and it contains the symmetric group keying material of that group.¶
A Client can access this resource in order to join the group with name GROUPNAME or later as a group member to retrieve the current group keying material. These operations are described in Sections 4.3.1.1 and 4.3.2.1, respectively.¶
The Interface Description (if=) Link Target Attribute value "ace.group" is registered in Section 11.5 and can be used to describe the interface provided by a group-membership resource.¶
The example below shows an exchange with a KDC with address 2001:db8::ab that hosts the group-membership resource /ace-group/gp1 and returns a link to such a resource in link-format [RFC6690].¶
Request: Header: GET (Code=0.01) Uri-Host: "kdc.example.com" Uri-Path: ".well-known" Uri-Path: "core" Uri-Query: "if=ace.group" Response: Header: Content (Code=2.05) Content-Format: application/link-format Payload: <coap://[2001:db8::ab]/ace-group/gp1>;if="ace.group"¶
If it is not required that the value of the GROUPNAME URI path and the group name in the access token scope ('gname' in Section 3.1) coincide, the KDC MUST implement a mechanism to map the GROUPNAME value in the URI to the group name in order to refer to the correct group (REQ7).¶
/ace-group/GROUPNAME/creds : the path of this resource is invariant once the resource is established. This resource contains the authentication credentials of all the members of the group with the name GROUPNAME.¶
This resource is created only in case the KDC acts as a repository of authentication credentials for group members.¶
As a group member, a Client can access this resource in order to retrieve the authentication credentials of other group members. That is, the Client can retrieve the authentication credentials of all the current group members or a subset of them by specifying filter criteria. These operations are described in Sections 4.4.2.1 and 4.4.1.1, respectively.¶
Clients may be authorized to access this resource even without being group members, e.g., if authorized to be external signature verifiers for the group.¶
/ace-group/GROUPNAME/kdc-cred : the path of this resource is invariant once the resource is established. This resource contains the authentication credential of the KDC for the group with the name GROUPNAME.¶
This resource is created only in case the KDC has an associated authentication credential and this is required for the correct group operation. It is REQUIRED for application profiles to define whether the KDC has such an associated authentication credential (REQ8).¶
As a group member, a Client can access this resource in order to retrieve the current authentication credential of the KDC. This operation is described in Section 4.5.1.1.¶
Clients may be authorized to access this resource even without being group members, e.g., if authorized to be external signature verifiers for the group.¶
/ace-group/GROUPNAME/policies : the path of this resource is invariant once the resource is established. This resource contains the group policies of the group with the name GROUPNAME.¶
A Client can access this resource as a group member in order to retrieve the group policies. This operation is described in Section 4.6.1.1.¶
/ace-group/GROUPNAME/num : the path of this resource is invariant once the resource is established. This resource contains the current version number for the symmetric group keying material of the group with the name GROUPNAME.¶
A Client can access this resource as a group member in order to retrieve the version number of the keying material currently used in the group. This operation is described in Section 4.7.1.1.¶
/ace-group/GROUPNAME/nodes/NODENAME : one such sub-resource of /ace-group/GROUPNAME is hosted for each group member of the group with the name GROUPNAME. Each such resource is identified by the node name NODENAME of the associated group member and contains the group keying material and the individual keying material for that group member.¶
A Client as a group member can access this resource in order to retrieve the current group keying material together with its individual keying material, request new individual keying material to use in the group, and leave the group. These operations are described in Sections 4.8.1.1, 4.8.2.1, and 4.8.3.1, respectively.¶
/ace-group/GROUPNAME/nodes/NODENAME/cred : the path of this resource is invariant once the resource is established. This resource contains the individual authentication credential for the node with the name NODENAME as a group member of the group with the name GROUPNAME.¶
A Client can access this resource in order to upload at the KDC a new authentication credential to use in the group. This operation is described in Section 4.9.1.1.¶
This resource is not created if the group member does not have an authentication credential to use in the group or if the KDC does not store the authentication credentials of group members.¶
The KDC is expected to fully provide the interface defined above. It is otherwise REQUIRED for the application profiles of this specification to indicate which resources are not hosted, i.e., which parts of the interface defined in this section are not supported by the KDC (REQ9). Application profiles of this specification MAY extend the KDC interface by defining additional handlers, as well as defining additional resources and their handlers.¶
It is REQUIRED for application profiles of this specification to register a Resource Type for the group-membership resources (REQ10). This Resource Type can be used to discover the correct URL for sending a Join Request to the KDC. This Resource Type can also be used to indicate which specific application profile of this specification is used by a specific group-membership resource at the KDC.¶
It is REQUIRED for application profiles of this specification to define what specific actions (e.g., CoAP methods) are allowed on each resource provided by the KDC interface, depending on whether the Client is a current group member, the roles that a Client is authorized to take as per the obtained access token (see Section 3.1), and the roles that the Client has as current group member (REQ11).¶
It is expected that a Client minimally supports the following set of primary operations and corresponding interactions with the KDC.¶
In addition, some Clients may rather not support the following set of secondary operations and corresponding interactions with the KDC. This can be specified, for instance, in compliance documents defining minimalistic Clients and their capabilities in specific deployments. In turn, these might also have to consider the used application profile of this specification.¶
It is REQUIRED for application profiles of this specification to categorize possible newly defined operations for Clients into primary and secondary operations and to provide accompanying considerations (REQ12).¶
Upon receiving a request from a Client, the KDC MUST check that it is storing a valid access token from that Client. If this is not the case, the KDC MUST reply with a 4.01 (Unauthorized) error response.¶
Unless the request targets the /ace-group resource, the KDC MUST check that it is storing a valid access token for that Client such that:¶
In case the KDC stores a valid access token but the verifications above fail, the KDC MUST reply with a 4.03 (Forbidden) error response. This response MAY be an AS Request Creation Hints, as defined in Section 5.3 of [RFC9200], in which case the Content-Format MUST be "application/ace+cbor".¶
If the request is not formatted correctly (e.g., required fields are not present or are not encoded as expected), the KDC MUST reply with a 4.00 (Bad Request) error response.¶
If the request includes unknown or unexpected fields, the KDC MUST silently ignore them and continue processing the request. Application profiles of this specification MAY define optional or mandatory payload formats for specific error cases (OPT4).¶
Some error responses from the KDC can convey error-specific information according to the problem-details format defined in [RFC9290]. Such error responses MUST have Content-Format "application/concise-problem-details+cbor". The payload of these error responses MUST be a CBOR map specifying a Concise Problem Details data item (see Section 2 of [RFC9290]). The CBOR map is formatted as follows.¶
It MUST include the Custom Problem Detail entry 'ace-groupcomm-error', which is registered in Section 11.6 of this document.¶
This entry is formatted as a CBOR map including only one field, namely 'error-id'. The map key for 'error-id' is the CBOR unsigned integer with value 0. The value of 'error-id' is a CBOR integer specifying the error that occurred at the KDC. This value is taken from the "Value" column of the "ACE Groupcomm Errors" registry defined in Section 11.12 of this document.¶
The CDDL notation [RFC8610] of the 'ace-groupcomm-error' entry is given below.¶
ace-groupcomm-error = { &(error-id: 0) => int }¶
It MAY include further Standard Problem Detail entries or Custom Problem Detail entries (see [RFC9290]).¶
In particular, it can include the Standard Problem Detail entry 'detail' (map key -2), whose value is a CBOR text string that specifies a human-readable, diagnostic description of the error occurred at the KDC. The diagnostic text is intended for software engineers as well as for device and network operators in order to aid debugging and provide context for possible intervention. The diagnostic message SHOULD be logged by the KDC. The 'detail' entry is unlikely relevant in an unattended setup where human intervention is not expected.¶
An example of an error response using the problem-details format is shown in Figure 6.¶
Response: Header: Service Unavailable (Code=5.03) Content-Format: application/concise-problem-details+cbor Payload: { / title / -1: "No available node identifiers", / detail / -2: "Things will change after a group rekeying; try later", / ace-groupcomm-error / 0: { / error-id / 0: 4 / "No available node identifiers" / } }
The problem-details format (in general) and the Custom Problem Detail entry 'ace-groupcomm-error' (in particular) are OPTIONAL for Clients to support. A Client supporting the entry 'ace-groupcomm-error' and that can understand the specified error may use that information to determine what actions to take next.¶
Section 9 of this specification defines an initial set of error identifiers as possible values for the 'error-id' field. Application profiles of this specification inherit this initial set of error identifiers and MAY define additional values (OPT5).¶
This resource implements the FETCH handler.¶
The FETCH handler receives group identifiers and returns the corresponding group names and GROUPNAME URIs.¶
The handler expects a request with the payload formatted as a CBOR map, which MUST contain the following fields:¶
The handler identifies the groups where communications are secured by using the keying material identified by those group identifiers.¶
If all verifications succeed, the handler replies with a 2.05 (Content) response, whose payload is formatted as a CBOR map that MUST contain the following fields:¶
If the KDC does not find any group associated with the specified group identifiers, the handler returns a response with the payload formatted as a CBOR byte string of zero length (0x40).¶
Note that the KDC only verifies that the node is authorized by the AS to access this resource. Nodes that are not members of the group but are authorized to do signature verification on the group messages may be allowed to access this resource if the application needs it.¶
In case the joining node only knows the group identifier of the group it wishes to join or about which it wishes to get updated information from the KDC, the node can contact the KDC to request the corresponding group name and group-membership resource URI. In particular, it does so by sending a CoAP FETCH request to the /ace-group endpoint at the KDC formatted as defined in Section 4.2.1. The node can specify several group identifiers at once.¶
Figure 7 gives an overview of the exchanges described above, and Figure 8 shows an example.¶
Client KDC | | |------------ Group Name and URI Retrieval Request: -------->| | FETCH /ace-group | | | |<-- Group Name and URI Retrieval Response: 2.05 (Content) --| | |
Request: Header: FETCH (Code=0.05) Uri-Host: "kdc.example.com" Uri-Path: "ace-group" Content-Format: application/ace-groupcomm+cbor Payload (in CBOR diagnostic notation): { / gid / 0: [1, 2] } Response: Header: Content (Code=2.05) Content-Format: application/ace-groupcomm+cbor Payload (in CBOR diagnostic notation): { / gid / 0: [1, 2], / gname / 1: ["group1", "group2"], / guri / 2: ["/ace-group/g1", "/ace-group/g2"] }
This resource implements the POST and GET handlers.¶
The POST handler processes the Join Request sent by a Client to join a group and returns a Join Response as a successful result of the joining process (see Section 4.3.1.1). At a high level, the POST handler adds the Client to the list of current group members, adds the authentication credential of the Client to the list of the group members' authentication credentials, and returns the symmetric group keying material for the group identified by GROUPNAME.¶
The handler expects a request with payload formatted as a CBOR map, which MAY contain the following fields, which, if included, MUST have the format and value as specified below.¶
'get_creds': it is included if the Client wishes to receive the authentication credentials of the current group members from the KDC. This parameter may be included in the Join Request if the KDC stores the authentication credentials of the group members, while it is not useful to include it if the Client obtains those authentication credentials through alternative means, e.g., from the AS. Note that including this parameter might result in a following Join Response of a large size, which can be inconvenient for resource-constrained devices.¶
If the Client wishes to retrieve the authentication credentials of all the current group members, the 'get_creds' parameter MUST encode the CBOR simple value null
(0xf6). Otherwise, if the Client wishes to retrieve the authentication credentials of nodes with specific roles, the 'get_creds' parameter MUST encode a non-empty CBOR array containing the three elements 'inclusion_flag', 'role_filter', and 'id_filter', as defined below.¶
true
(0xf5) if the Client wishes to receive the authentication credentials of the nodes having their node identifier specified in 'id_filter' (i.e., selection by inclusive filtering). Instead, this element encodes the CBOR simple value false
(0xf4) if the Client wishes to receive the authentication credentials of the nodes that do not have the node identifiers specified in the third element 'id_filter' (i.e., selection by exclusive filtering). In the Join Request, this parameter encodes the CBOR simple value true
(0xf5).¶
The second element, namely 'role_filter', is a CBOR array. Each element of the array contains one role or a combination of roles for the group identified by GROUPNAME. This parameter indicates that the Client wishes to receive the authentication credentials of all the group members having any of the specified roles or combination of roles (i.e., having any of those single roles or at least all the roles indicated in any of those combinations of roles).¶
For example, the array ["role1", "role2+role3"] indicates that the Client wishes to receive the authentication credentials of all group members that have at least "role1" or at least both "role2" and "role3". In the Join Request, this parameter is a non-empty array.¶
The third element, namely 'id_filter', is a CBOR array. Each element of the array contains a node identifier of a group member for the group identified by GROUPNAME. This parameter indicates that the Client wishes to receive the authentication credentials of the nodes that have or do not have the specified node identifiers based on the value of 'inclusion_flag' (i.e., as a selection by inclusive or exclusive filtering). In the Join Request, the Client does not filter authentication credentials based on node identifiers, so this parameter is an empty array.¶
In fact, when first joining the group, the Client is not expected or capable to express a filter based on node identifiers of other group members. Instead, when already a group member and sending a Join Request to rejoin, the Client is not expected to include the 'get_creds' parameter in the Join Request altogether, since it can rather retrieve authentication credentials associated with specific group identifiers as defined in Section 4.4.1.1.¶
The CDDL definition [RFC8610] of 'get_creds' is given in Figure 9; as an example, it uses node identifiers encoded as CBOR byte strings, role identifiers encoded as CBOR text strings, and combinations of roles encoded as CBOR arrays of role identifiers.¶
Note that, for this handler, 'inclusion_flag' is always set to true and the array of roles 'role_filter' is always non-empty, while the array of node identifiers 'id_filter' is always empty. However, this is not necessarily the case for other handlers using the 'get_creds' parameter.¶
inclusion_flag = bool role = tstr comb_role = [ 2*role ] role_filter = [ *(role / comb_role) ] id = bstr id_filter = [ *id ] get_creds = null / [ inclusion_flag, role_filter, id_filter ]
'client_cred_verify': encoded as a CBOR byte string. This parameter MUST be present if the 'client_cred' parameter is present and no authentication credential associated with the Client's access token can be retrieved for that group.¶
The value of the CBOR byte string is the proof-of-possession (PoP) evidence computed by the Client over the following PoP input: the scope (encoded as a CBOR byte string) concatenated with N_S (encoded as a CBOR byte string) concatenated with N_C (encoded as a CBOR byte string), where:¶
An example of PoP input to compute 'client_cred_verify' using CBOR encoding is given in Figure 10.¶
A possible type of PoP evidence is a signature that the Client computes by using its own private key, whose corresponding public key is specified in the authentication credential carried in the 'client_cred' parameter. Application profiles of this specification MUST specify the exact approaches used to compute the PoP evidence to include in 'client_cred_verify' and MUST specify which of those approaches is used in which case (REQ14).¶
If the access token was not provided to the KDC through a Token Transfer Request (e.g., the access token is instead transferred during the establishment of a secure communication association), it is REQUIRED of the specific application profile to define how the challenge N_S is generated (REQ15).¶
'control_uri': its value is a full URI, encoded as a CBOR text string. A default url-path is /ace-group/GROUPNAME/node, although implementations can use different ones instead. The URI MUST NOT have url-path /ace-group/GROUPNAME.¶
If 'control_uri' is specified in the Join Request, the Client acts as a CoAP server and hosts a resource at this specific URI. The KDC MAY use this URI to send CoAP requests to the Client (acting as a CoAP server in this exchange), for example, for one-to-one provisioning of new group keying material when performing a group rekeying (see Section 6.1) or to inform the Client of its removal from the group (see Section 5).¶
In particular, this resource is intended for communications exclusively concerning the group identified by GROUPNAME and whose group name is specified in the 'scope' parameter of the Join Request, if present therein. If the KDC does not implement mechanisms using this resource for that group, it can ignore this parameter. Other additional functionalities of this resource MAY be defined in application profiles of this specifications (OPT7).¶
scope, N_S, and N_C expressed in CBOR diagnostic notation: scope = h'826667726f7570316673656e646572' N_S = h'018a278f7faab55a' N_C = h'25a8991cd700ac01' scope, N_S, and N_C as CBOR encoded byte strings: scope = 0x4f826667726f7570316673656e646572 N_S = 0x48018a278f7faab55a N_C = 0x4825a8991cd700ac01 PoP input: 0x4f 826667726f7570316673656e646572 48 018a278f7faab55a 48 25a8991cd700ac01
If the request does not include the 'scope' parameter, the KDC is expected to understand what roles the Client is requesting to join the group with. For example, as per the access token, the Client might have been granted access to the group with only one role. If the KDC cannot determine which exact roles should be considered for the Client, it MUST reply with a 4.00 (Bad Request) error response.¶
The handler considers the scope specified in the access token associated with the Client and checks the scope entry related to the group identified by the GROUPNAME associated with the endpoint. In particular, the handler checks whether the set of roles specified in that scope entry includes all the roles that the Client wishes to have in the group as per the Join Request. If this is not the case, the KDC MUST reply with a 4.03 (Forbidden) error response.¶
If the KDC manages the group members' authentication credentials, the handler checks if one is included in the 'client_cred' parameter. If so, the KDC retrieves the authentication credential and performs the following actions.¶
The KDC checks the authentication credential to be valid for the group identified by GROUPNAME. That is, it checks that the authentication credential has the format used in the group, is intended for the public key algorithm used in the group, and is aligned with the possible associated parameters used in the group.¶
If this verification fails, the handler MUST reply with a 4.00 (Bad Request) error response. The response MUST have Content-Format "application/concise-problem-details+cbor" and is formatted as defined in Section 4.1.2. Within the Custom Problem Detail entry 'ace-groupcomm-error', the value of the 'error-id' field MUST be set to 2 ("Authentication credential incompatible with the group configuration").¶
The KDC verifies the PoP evidence conveyed in the 'client_cred_verify' parameter. Application profiles of this specification MUST specify the exact approaches used to verify the PoP evidence and MUST specify which of those approaches is used in which case (REQ14).¶
If the PoP evidence does not pass verification, the handler MUST reply with a 4.00 (Bad Request) error response. The response MUST have Content-Format "application/concise-problem-details+cbor" and is formatted as defined in Section 4.1.2. Within the Custom Problem Detail entry 'ace-groupcomm-error', the value of the 'error-id' field MUST be set to 3 ("Invalid proof-of-possession evidence").¶
If no authentication credential is conveyed in the 'client_cred' parameter, the handler checks if the KDC currently stores an authentication credential that is associated with the access token and with the group identified by GROUPNAME (see also Section 4.3.1.1). Note that the same joining node may use different authentication credentials in different groups, and all those authentication credentials would be associated with the same access token.¶
If an eligible authentication credential for the Client is neither present in the 'client_cred' parameter nor retrieved from the stored ones at the KDC, it is RECOMMENDED that the handler stops the processing and replies with a 4.00 (Bad Request) error response. Application profiles MAY define alternatives (OPT8).¶
If, regardless of the reason, the KDC replies with a 4.00 (Bad Request) error response, the payload of the response MAY be a CBOR map. For instance, the CBOR map can include a 'sign_info' parameter formatted as 'sign_info_resp' defined in Section 3.3.1, with the 'cred_fmt' element set to the CBOR simple value null
(0xf6) if the Client sent its own authentication credential and the KDC is not set to store authentication credentials of the group members. When the response payload is a CBOR map including such parameters, the error response has Content-Format "application/ace-groupcomm+cbor".¶
If all the verifications above succeed, the KDC proceeds as follows.¶
First, only in case the Client is not already a group member, the handler performs the following actions:¶
Then, the handler performs the following actions.¶
If the KDC manages the group members' authentication credentials:¶
The Join Response MUST have response code 2.01 (Created) if the Client has been added to the list of group members in this join exchange (see above) or 2.04 (Changed) otherwise, i.e., if the Client is rejoining the group without having left it.¶
The Join Response message MUST include the Location-Path CoAP Options, specifying the path to the sub-resource associated with the Client, i.e., /ace-group/GROUPNAME/nodes/NODENAME.¶
The Join Response message MUST have Content-Format "application/ace-groupcomm+cbor". The payload of the response is formatted as a CBOR map, which MUST contain the following fields with the values specified below:¶
The format of the keying material conveyed in the 'key' parameter MUST be defined in application profiles of this specification (REQ17), together with corresponding key types to specify as value of the 'gkty' parameter and that are accepted by the application (REQ18). Additionally, documents specifying a type of keying material MUST register an entry in the "ACE Groupcomm Key Types" registry defined in Section 11.8, including its name, the corresponding key type to specify as value for the 'gkty' parameter, and the application profile to be used with.¶
Name | Key Type Value | Profile | Description | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Reserved | 0 | This value is reserved | RFC 9594 |
The Join Response SHOULD contain the following fields with the values specified below:¶
If a Client has a reliable way to synchronize its internal clock with UTC, and both the 'exp' and 'exi' parameters are present, then the Client MUST use the 'exp' parameter value as expiration time for the group keying material. Otherwise, the Client uses the 'exi' parameter value to determine the expiration time as defined above.¶
When a Client relies on the 'exi' parameter, the expiration time that it computes is offset in the future with respect to the actual expiration time as intended by the KDC and specified in the 'exp' parameter (if present). Such an offset is the amount of time between when the KDC sends the response message including the 'exi' parameter and when the Client receives that message. That is, especially if the delivery of the response to the Client is delayed, the Client will believe the keying material to be valid for a longer time than the KDC actually means. However, before approaching the actual expiration time, the KDC is expected to rekey the group and distribute new keying material (see Section 6).¶
Optionally, the Join Response MAY contain the following parameters, which, if included, MUST have the format and value as specified below.¶
'ace_groupcomm_profile': its value is encoded as a CBOR integer and MUST be used to uniquely identify the application profile for group communication. Applications of this specification MUST register an application profile identifier and the related value for this parameter in the "ACE Groupcomm Profiles" registry (REQ19).¶
Name | Description | CBOR Value | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Reserved | This value is reserved | 0 | RFC 9594 |
'peer_roles': it SHOULD be present if 'creds' is also present; otherwise, it MUST NOT be present. Its value is encoded as a CBOR array of n elements, where n is the number of authentication credentials included in the 'creds' parameter (at most, the number of members in the group). The i-th element of the array specifies the role(s) that the group member associated with the i-th authentication credential in 'creds' has in the group. In particular, each array element is encoded like the role element of a scope entry, which is consistent with the used format (see Section 3.1).¶
This parameter MAY be omitted if the Client can rely on other means to unambiguously gain knowledge of the role of each group member whose associated authentication credential is specified in the 'creds' parameter. For example, all such group members may have the same role in the group joined by the Client, and such a role can be unambiguously assumed by the Client (e.g., based on what is defined in the used application profile of this specification). As another example, each of the authentication credentials specified in the 'creds' parameter can indicate the role(s) that the corresponding group member has in the group joined by the Client.¶
When receiving the authentication credential of a Client in the 'client_cred' parameter of a Join Request (see Section 4.3.1.1) or of an Authentication Credential Update Request (see Section 4.9.1.1), the KDC is not expected to check that the authentication credential indicates the role(s) that the Client can have or has in the group in question. When preparing a Join Response, the KDC can decide whether to include the 'peer_roles' parameter, depending on the specific set of authentication credentials specified in the 'creds' parameter of that Join Response.¶
'group_policies': its value is encoded as a CBOR map, whose elements specify how the group handles specific management aspects. These include, for instance, approaches to achieve synchronization of sequence numbers among group members. The possible elements of the CBOR map are registered in the "ACE Groupcomm Policies" registry defined in Section 11.10 of this specification. This specification defines the three elements "Sequence Number Synchronization Methods", "Key Update Check Interval", and "Expiration Delta", which are summarized in Table 3. Application profiles of this specification MUST specify the format, content, and default values for the entries of the CBOR map conveyed in the 'group_policies' parameter (REQ20).¶
Name | CBOR Label | CBOR Type | Description | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sequence Number Synchronization Method | 0 | int or tstr | Method for recipient group members to synchronize with sequence numbers of sender group members. Its value is taken from the "Value" column of the "Sequence Number Synchronization Method" registry. | RFC 9594 |
Key Update Check Interval | 1 | int | Polling interval in seconds, for group members to check at the KDC if the latest group keying material is the one that they store. | RFC 9594 |
Expiration Delta | 2 | uint | Number of seconds from 'exp' until a UTC date/time, after which group members MUST stop using the group keying material that they store to decrypt incoming messages. | RFC 9594 |
'kdc_cred': its value is the original binary representation of the KDC's authentication credential, encoded as a CBOR byte string. This parameter is used if the KDC has an associated authentication credential and this is required for the correct group operation. It is REQUIRED for application profiles to define whether the KDC has an authentication credential as required for the correct group operation and if this has to be provided through the 'kdc_cred' parameter (REQ8).¶
If the KDC has an authentication credential as required for the correct group operation, the KDC's authentication credential MUST have the same format used for the authentication credentials of the group members. It is REQUIRED for application profiles to define the specific formats that are acceptable to use for the authentication credentials in the group (REQ6).¶
'kdc_cred_verify': its value is as defined below and is encoded as a CBOR byte string. This parameter MUST be present if the 'kdc_cred' parameter is present.¶
The value of this parameter is the proof-of-possession (PoP) evidence computed by the KDC over the following PoP input: the nonce N_C (encoded as a CBOR byte string) concatenated with the nonce N_KDC (encoded as a CBOR byte string), where:¶
An example of PoP input to compute 'kdc_cred_verify' using CBOR encoding is given in Figure 11.¶
A possible type of PoP evidence is a signature that the KDC computes by using its own private key, whose corresponding public key is specified in the authentication credential conveyed in the 'kdc_cred' parameter. Application profiles of this specification MUST specify the approaches used by the KDC to compute the PoP evidence to include in 'kdc_cred_verify' and MUST specify which of those approaches is used in which case (REQ21).¶
'rekeying_scheme': identifying the rekeying scheme that the KDC uses to provide new group keying material to the group members. The value of this parameter is encoded as a CBOR integer and is taken from the "Value" column of the "ACE Groupcomm Rekeying Schemes" registry defined in Section 11.13 of this specification.¶
Value | Name | Description | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
0 | Point-to-Point | The KDC individually targets each node to rekey, using the pairwise secure communication association with that node | RFC 9594 |
Application profiles of this specification MAY define a default group rekeying scheme to refer to in case the 'rekeying_scheme' parameter is not included in the Join Response (OPT9).¶
'mgt_key_material': encoded as a CBOR byte string and containing the specific administrative keying material that the joining node requires in order to participate in the group rekeying process performed by the KDC. This parameter MUST NOT be present if the 'rekeying_scheme' parameter is not present and the application profile does not specify a default group rekeying scheme to use in the group. Some simple rekeying schemes may not require specific administrative keying material to be provided, e.g., the basic "Point-to-Point" group rekeying scheme (see Section 6.1).¶
In more advanced group rekeying schemes, the administrative keying material can be composed of multiple keys organized, for instance, into a logical tree hierarchy, whose root key is the only administrative key shared by all the group members. In such a case, each group member is exclusively associated with one leaf key in the hierarchy and stores only the administrative keys from the associated leaf key all the way up along the path to the root key. That is, different group members can be provided with a different subset of the overall administrative keying material.¶
It is expected from separate documents to define how the advanced group rekeying scheme, possibly indicated in the 'rekeying_scheme' parameter, is used by an application profile of this specification. This includes defining the format of the administrative keying material to specify in 'mgt_key_material' consistently with the group rekeying scheme and the application profile in question.¶
'control_group_uri': its value is a full URI, encoded as a CBOR text string. The URI MUST specify addressing information intended to reach all the members in the group. For example, this can be a multicast IP address, optionally together with a port number that, if omitted, defaults to 5683, i.e., the default port number for the "coap" URI scheme (see Section 6.1 of [RFC7252]). The URI MUST include GROUPNAME in the url-path. A default url-path is /ace-group/GROUPNAME, although implementations can use different ones instead. The URI MUST NOT have url-path /ace-group/GROUPNAME/nodes.¶
If 'control_group_uri' is included in the Join Response, the Clients supporting this parameter act as CoAP servers, host a resource at this specific URI, and listen to the specified addressing information.¶
The KDC MAY use this URI to send one-to-many CoAP requests to the Client group members (acting as CoAP servers in this exchange), for example, for one-to-many provisioning of new group keying material when performing a group rekeying (see Section 6.2) or to inform the Clients of their removal from the group (see Section 5).¶
In particular, this resource is intended for communications exclusively concerning the group identified by GROUPNAME and whose group name was specified in the 'scope' parameter of the Join Request, if present. If the KDC does not implement mechanisms using this resource for that group, it can ignore this parameter. Other additional functionalities of this resource MAY be defined in application profiles of this specifications (OPT10).¶
N_C and N_KDC expressed in CBOR diagnostic notation: N_C = h'25a8991cd700ac01' N_KDC = h'cef04b2aa791bc6d' N_C and N_KDC as CBOR encoded byte strings: N_C = 0x4825a8991cd700ac01 N_KDC = 0x48cef04b2aa791bc6d PoP input: 0x48 25a8991cd700ac01 48 cef04b2aa791bc6d
After sending the Join Response, if the KDC has an associated authentication credential as required for the correct group operation, then the KDC MUST store the N_C value specified in the 'cnonce' parameter of the Join Request as a 'clientchallenge' value associated with the Client, replacing the currently stored value (if any). If, as a group member, the Client later sends a GET request to the /ace-group/GROUPNAME/kdc-cred resource for retrieving the latest KDC's authentication credential (see Section 4.5.1), then the KDC uses the stored 'clientchallenge' for computing the PoP evidence to include in the response sent to the Client, hence proving the possession of its own private key.¶
If the Join Response includes the 'kdc_cred_verify' parameter, the Client verifies the conveyed PoP evidence and considers the group joining unsuccessful in case of failed verification. Application profiles of this specification MUST specify the exact approaches used by the Client to verify the PoP evidence in 'kdc_cred_verify' and MUST specify which of those approaches is used in which case (REQ21).¶
Application profiles of this specification MUST specify the communication protocol that members of the group use to communicate with each other (REQ22) and the security protocol that they use to protect the group communication (REQ23).¶
Figure 12 gives an overview of the join exchange between the Client and the KDC when the Client first joins a group, while Figure 13 shows an example.¶
Client KDC | | |-------- Join Request: POST /ace-group/GROUPNAME ------>| | | |<------------ Join Response: 2.01 (Created) ----------- | | Location-Path = "/ace-group/GROUPNAME/nodes/NODENAME" |
Request: Header: POST (Code=0.02) Uri-Host: "kdc.example.com" Uri-Path: "ace-group" Uri-Path: "g1" Content-Format: application/ace-groupcomm+cbor Payload (in CBOR diagnostic notation): { / scope / 3: <<["group1", ["sender", "receiver"]]>>, / get_creds / 4: [true, ["sender"], []], / client_cred / 5: h'a2026008a101a5010202410a20012158 20bbc34960526ea4d32e940cad2a2341 48ddc21791a12afbcbac93622046dd44 f02258204519e257236b2a0ce2023f09 31f1f386ca7afda64fcde0108c224c51 eabf6072', / cnonce / 6: h'25a8991cd700ac01', / client_cred_verify / 24: h'66e6d9b0db009f3e105a673f88556117 26caed57f530f8cae9d0b168513ab949 fedc3e80a96ebe94ba08d3f8d3bf8348 7458e2ab4c2f936ff78b50e33c885e35' } Response: Header: Created (Code=2.01) Content-Format: application/ace-groupcomm+cbor Location-Path: "ace-group" Location-Path: "g1" Location-Path: "nodes" Location-Path: "c101" Payload (in CBOR diagnostic notation): { / gkty / 7: 65600, / key / 8: h'73657373696f6e6b6579', / num / 9: 12, / exp / 11: 1924992000, / exi / 12: 2592000, / creds / 13: [h'a2026008a101a5010202410220012158 20cd4177ba62433375ede279b5e18e8b 91bc3ed8f1e174474a26fc0edb44ea53 73225820a0391de29c5c5badda610d4e 301eaaa18422367722289cd18cbe6624 e89b9cfd', h'a2026008a101a5010202410320012158 20ac75e9ece3e50bfc8ed60399889522 405c47bf16df96660a41298cb4307f7e b62258206e5de611388a4b8a8211334a c7d37ecb52a387d257e6db3c2a93df21 ff3affc8'], / peer_roles / 14: ["sender", ["sender", "receiver"]], / peer_identifiers / 15: [h'01', h'02'] }
If not previously established, the Client and the KDC MUST first establish a pairwise secure communication association (REQ24). This can be achieved, for instance, by using a transport profile of ACE. The join exchange MUST occur over that secure communication association. The Client and the KDC MAY use that same secure communication association to protect further pairwise communications that must be protected.¶
It is REQUIRED that the secure communication association between the Client and the KDC is established by using the proof-of-possession key bound to the access token. As a result, the proof of possession to bind the access token to the Client is performed by using the proof-of-possession key bound to the access token for establishing the pairwise secure communication association between the Client and the KDC.¶
To join the group, the Client sends a CoAP POST request to the /ace-group/GROUPNAME endpoint at the KDC, where the group to join is identified by GROUPNAME. The group name is specified in the scope entry conveyed by the 'scope' parameter of the request (if present), formatted as specified in Section 4.3.1. This group name is the same as in the scope entry corresponding to that group, specified in the 'scope' parameter of the Authorization Request/Response, or it can be determined from it. Note that, in case of successful joining, the Location-Path Options in the Join Response provide the Client with the path of the URI to use for retrieving individual keying material and for leaving the group.¶
If the node is joining a group for the first time and the KDC maintains the authentication credentials of the group members, the Client is REQUIRED to send its own authentication credential and proof-of-possession (PoP) evidence in the Join Request (see the 'client_cred' and 'client_cred_verify' parameters in Section 4.3.1). The request is accepted only if both the authentication credential is provided and the PoP evidence is successfully verified.¶
If a node rejoins a group as authorized by the same access token and using the same authentication credential, it can omit the authentication credential and the PoP evidence, or just the PoP evidence, from the Join Request. Then, the KDC will be able to retrieve the node's authentication credential associated with the access token for that group. If the authentication credential has been discarded, the KDC replies with a 4.00 (Bad Request) error response, as specified in Section 4.3.1. If a node rejoins a group but wants to update its own authentication credential, it needs to include both its authentication credential and the PoP evidence in the Join Request, like when it joined the group for the first time.¶
The GET handler returns the symmetric group keying material for the group identified by GROUPNAME.¶
The handler expects a GET request.¶
In addition to what is defined in Section 4.1.2, the handler verifies that the Client is a current member of the group. If the verification fails, the KDC MUST reply with a 4.03 (Forbidden) error response. The response MUST have Content-Format "application/concise-problem-details+cbor" and is formatted as defined in Section 4.1.2. Within the Custom Problem Detail entry 'ace-groupcomm-error', the value of the 'error-id' field MUST be set to 0 ("Operation permitted only to group members").¶
If all verifications succeed, the handler replies with a 2.05 (Content) response containing the symmetric group keying material. The payload of the response is formatted as a CBOR map that MUST contain the parameters 'gkty', 'key', and 'num', as specified in Section 4.3.1.¶
The payload MUST also include the parameters 'rekeying_scheme' and 'mgt_key_material' as specified in Section 4.3.1, if they are included in the payload of the Join Responses sent for the group.¶
The payload MAY also include the parameters 'ace_groupcomm_profile', 'exp', and 'exi', as specified in Section 4.3.1. If the 'exp' parameter is included, the 'exi' parameter MUST also be included. If the 'exi' parameter is included, its value specifies the residual lifetime of the group keying material from the current time at the KDC.¶
A node in the group can contact the KDC to retrieve the current group keying material by sending a CoAP GET request to the /ace-group/GROUPNAME endpoint at the KDC, where the group is identified by GROUPNAME.¶
Figure 14 gives an overview of the key distribution exchange between the Client and the KDC, while Figure 15 shows an example.¶
Client KDC | | |------ Key Distribution Request: GET /ace-group/GROUPNAME ------>| | | |<----------- Key Distribution Response: 2.05 (Content) --------- | | |
Request: Header: GET (Code=0.01) Uri-Host: "kdc.example.com" Uri-Path: "ace-group" Uri-Path: "g1" Payload: - Response: Header: Content (Code=2.05) Content-Format: application/ace-groupcomm+cbor Payload (in CBOR diagnostic notation): { / gkty / 7: 65600, / key / 8: h'73657373696f6e6b6579', / num / 9: 12 }
This resource implements the GET and FETCH handlers.¶
The FETCH handler receives identifiers of group members for the group identified by GROUPNAME and returns the authentication credentials of such group members.¶
The handler expects a request with the payload formatted as a CBOR map, which MUST contain the following field.¶
'get_creds': its value is encoded as in Section 4.3.1, with the following modifications.¶
The arrays 'role_filter' and 'id_filter' MUST NOT both be empty, i.e., in CDDL notation: [ bool, [ ], [ ] ]. If the 'get_creds' parameter has such a format, the request MUST be considered malformed, and the KDC MUST reply with a 4.00 (Bad Request) error response.¶
Note that a group member can retrieve the authentication credentials of all the current group members by sending a GET request to the same KDC resource instead (see Section 4.4.2.1).¶
true
(0xf5) or false
(0xf4), as defined in Section 4.3.1.¶
Note that, in case the 'role_filter' array and the 'id_filter' array are both non-empty:¶
true
(0xf5), the handler returns the authentication credentials of group members whose roles match with 'role_filter' and/or have their node identifier specified in 'id_filter'.¶
false
(0xf4), the handler returns the authentication credentials of group members whose roles match with 'role_filter' and, at the same time, do not have their node identifier specified in 'id_filter'.¶
The specific format of authentication credentials as well as the identifiers, roles, and combination of roles of group members MUST be specified by application profiles of this specification (REQ1, REQ6, REQ25).¶
The handler identifies the authentication credentials of the current group members for which either of the following holds:¶
If all verifications succeed, the handler returns a 2.05 (Content) message response with the payload formatted as a CBOR map, containing only the following parameters from Section 4.3.1.¶
'peer_roles': encoding the role(s) that each of the selected group members has in the group.¶
This parameter SHOULD be present, and it MAY be omitted according to the same criteria defined for the Join Response (see Section 4.3.1).¶
The specific format of authentication credentials as well as of node identifiers of group members is specified by the application profile (REQ6, REQ25).¶
If the KDC does not store any authentication credential associated with the specified node identifiers, the handler returns a response with the payload formatted as a CBOR byte string of zero length (0x40).¶
The handler MAY enforce one of the following policies in order to handle possible node identifiers that are included in the 'id_filter' element of the 'get_creds' parameter of the request but are not associated with any current group member. Such a policy MUST be specified by application profiles of this specification (REQ26).¶
The KDC retains authentication credentials of group members for a given amount of time after their leaving before discarding them. As long as such authentication credentials are retained, the KDC provides them to a requesting Client.¶
If the KDC adopts this policy, the application profile MUST also specify the amount of time during which the KDC retains the authentication credential of a former group member after its leaving, possibly on a per-member basis.¶
Note that this resource handler only verifies that the node is authorized by the AS to access this resource. Nodes that are not members of the group but are authorized to do signature verifications on the group messages may be allowed to access this resource if the application needs it.¶
In case the KDC maintains the authentication credentials of group members, a node in the group can contact the KDC to request the authentication credentials, roles, and node identifiers of a specified subset of group members by sending a CoAP FETCH request to the /ace-group/GROUPNAME/creds endpoint at the KDC, which is formatted as defined in Section 4.4.1 and with the group identified by GROUPNAME.¶
Figure 16 gives an overview of the exchange mentioned above, while Figure 17 shows an example of such an exchange.¶
Client KDC | | | Authentication Credential Request: | |-------------------------------------------------------->| | FETCH /ace-group/GROUPNAME/creds | | | |<-- Authentication Credential Response: 2.05 (Created) --| | |
Request: Header: FETCH (Code=0.05) Uri-Host: "kdc.example.com" Uri-Path: "ace-group" Uri-Path: "g1" Uri-Path: "creds" Content-Format: application/ace-groupcomm+cbor Payload (in CBOR diagnostic notation): { / get_creds / 4: [true, [], [h'02', h'03']] } Response: Header: Content (Code=2.05) Content-Format: application/ace-groupcomm+cbor Payload (in CBOR diagnostic notation): { / creds / 13: [h'a2026008a101a5010202410320012158 20ac75e9ece3e50bfc8ed60399889522 405c47bf16df96660a41298cb4307f7e b62258206e5de611388a4b8a8211334a c7d37ecb52a387d257e6db3c2a93df21 ff3affc8', h'a2026008a101a5010202410920012158 206f9702a66602d78f5e81bac1e0af01 f8b52810c502e87ebb7c926c07426fd0 2f225820c8d33274c71c9b3ee57d842b bf2238b8283cb410eca216fb72a78ea7 a870f800'], / peer_roles / 14: [["sender", "receiver"], "receiver"], / peer_identifiers / 15: [h'02', h'03'] }
The handler expects a GET request.¶
If all verifications succeed, the KDC replies with a 2.05 (Content) response as in the FETCH handler in Section 4.4.1, but its payload specifies the authentication credentials of all the group members, together with their roles and node identifiers.¶
The 'peer_roles' parameter SHOULD be present in the payload of the response, and it MAY be omitted according to the same criteria defined for the Join Response (see Section 4.3.1).¶
In case the KDC maintains the authentication credentials of group members, a node in the group or an external signature verifier can contact the KDC to request the authentication credentials, roles, and node identifiers of all the current group members, by sending a CoAP GET request to the /ace-group/GROUPNAME/creds endpoint at the KDC, where the group is identified by GROUPNAME.¶
Figure 18 gives an overview of the message exchange, while Figure 19 shows an example of such an exchange.¶
Client KDC | | | Authentication Credential Request: | |-------------------------------------------------------->| | GET /ace-group/GROUPNAME/creds | | | |<-- Authentication Credential Response: 2.05 (Content) --| | |
Request: Header: GET (Code=0.01) Uri-Host: "kdc.example.com" Uri-Path: "ace-group" Uri-Path: "g1" Uri-Path: "creds" Payload: - Response: Header: Content (Code=2.05) Content-Format: application/ace-groupcomm+cbor Payload (in CBOR diagnostic notation): { / num / 9: 12, / creds / 13: [h'a2026008a101a5010202410220012158 20cd4177ba62433375ede279b5e18e8b 91bc3ed8f1e174474a26fc0edb44ea53 73225820a0391de29c5c5badda610d4e 301eaaa18422367722289cd18cbe6624 e89b9cfd', h'a2026008a101a5010202410320012158 20ac75e9ece3e50bfc8ed60399889522 405c47bf16df96660a41298cb4307f7e b62258206e5de611388a4b8a8211334a c7d37ecb52a387d257e6db3c2a93df21 ff3affc8', h'a2026008a101a5010202410920012158 206f9702a66602d78f5e81bac1e0af01 f8b52810c502e87ebb7c926c07426fd0 2f225820c8d33274c71c9b3ee57d842b bf2238b8283cb410eca216fb72a78ea7 a870f800'], / peer_roles / 14: ["sender", ["sender", "receiver"], "receiver"], / peer_identifiers / 15: [h'01', h'02', h'03'] }
This resource implements a GET handler.¶
The handler expects a GET request.¶
If all verifications succeed, the handler returns a 2.05 (Content) message containing the KDC's authentication credential together with the proof-of-possession (PoP) evidence. The response MUST have Content-Format "application/ace-groupcomm+cbor". The payload of the response is a CBOR map, which includes the following fields.¶
'kdc_cred_verify': specifying the PoP evidence computed by the KDC over the following PoP input: the nonce N_C (encoded as a CBOR byte string) concatenated with the nonce N_KDC (encoded as a CBOR byte string), where:¶
An example of PoP input to compute 'kdc_cred_verify' using CBOR encoding is given in Figure 20.¶
The PoP evidence is computed by means of the same method used for computing the PoP evidence that was included in the Join Response for this Client (see Section 4.3.1).¶
Application profiles of this specification MUST specify the exact approaches used by the KDC to compute the PoP evidence to include in the 'kdc_cred_verify' parameter and MUST specify which of those approaches is used in which case (REQ21).¶
If an application profile supports the presence of external signature verifiers that send GET requests to this resource, then the application profile MUST specify how external signature verifiers provide the KDC with a self-generated nonce to use as N_C (REQ21).¶
N_C and N_KDC expressed in CBOR diagnostic notation: N_C = h'25a8991cd700ac01' N_KDC = h'0b7db12aaff56da3' N_C and N_KDC as CBOR encoded byte strings: N_C = 0x4825a8991cd700ac01 N_KDC = 0x480b7db12aaff56da3 PoP input: 0x48 25a8991cd700ac01 48 0b7db12aaff56da3
In case the KDC has an associated authentication credential as required for the correct group operation, a group member or an external signature verifier can contact the KDC to request the KDC's authentication credential by sending a CoAP GET request to the /ace-group/GROUPNAME/kdc-cred endpoint at the KDC, where GROUPNAME identifies the group.¶
Upon receiving the 2.05 (Content) response, the Client retrieves the KDC's authentication credential from the 'kdc_cred' parameter and MUST verify the proof-of-possession (PoP) evidence specified in the 'kdc_cred_verify' parameter. In case of successful verification of the PoP evidence, the Client MUST store the obtained KDC's authentication credential and replace the currently stored one.¶
The PoP evidence is verified by means of the same method used when processing the Join Response (see Section 4.3.1). Application profiles of this specification MUST specify the exact approaches used by the Client to verify the PoP evidence in 'kdc_cred_verify' and MUST specify which of those approaches is used in which case (REQ21).¶
Figure 21 gives an overview of the exchange described above, while Figure 22 shows an example.¶
Group Member KDC | | | KDC Authentication Credential Request | |------------------------------------------------------------>| | GET /ace-group/GROUPNAME/kdc-cred | | | |<-- KDC Authentication Credential Response: 2.05 (Content) --| | |
Request: Header: GET (Code=0.01) Uri-Host: "kdc.example.com" Uri-Path: "ace-group" Uri-Path: "g1" Uri-Path: "kdc-cred" Payload: - Response: Header: Content (Code=2.05) Content-Format: application/ace-groupcomm+cbor Payload (in CBOR diagnostic notation): { / kdc_cred / 17: h'a2026008a101a5010202419920012158 2065eda5a12577c2bae829437fe33870 1a10aaa375e1bb5b5de108de439c0855 1d2258201e52ed75701163f7f9e40ddf 9f341b3dc9ba860af7e0ca7ca7e9eecd 0084d19c', / kdc_nonce / 18: h'0b7db12aaff56da3', / kdc_cred_verify / 19: h'3fc54702aa56e1b2cb20284294c9106a 63f91bac658d69351210a031d8fc7c5f f3e4be39445b1a3e83e1510d1aca2f2e 8a7c081c7645042b18aba9d1fad1bd9c' }
This resource implements the GET handler.¶
The handler expects a GET request.¶
In addition to what is defined in Section 4.1.2, the handler verifies that the Client is a current member of the group. If the verification fails, the KDC MUST reply with a 4.03 (Forbidden) error response. The response MUST have Content-Format "application/concise-problem-details+cbor" and is formatted as defined in Section 4.1.2. Within the Custom Problem Detail entry 'ace-groupcomm-error', the value of the 'error-id' field MUST be set to 0 ("Operation permitted only to group members").¶
If all verifications succeed, the handler replies with a 2.05 (Content) response containing the list of policies for the group identified by GROUPNAME. The payload of the response is formatted as a CBOR map including only the 'group_policies' parameter defined in Section 4.3.1 and specifying the current policies in the group. If the KDC does not store any policy, the payload is formatted as a CBOR byte string of zero length (0x40).¶
The specific format and meaning of group policies MUST be specified in application profiles of this specification (REQ20).¶
A node in the group can contact the KDC to retrieve the current group policies by sending a CoAP GET request to the /ace-group/GROUPNAME/policies endpoint at the KDC, which is formatted as defined in Section 4.6.1 and with the group identified by GROUPNAME.¶
Figure 23 gives an overview of the exchange described above, while Figure 24 shows an example.¶
Client KDC | | |-- Policies Request: GET /ace-group/GROUPNAME/policies -->| | | |<----------- Policies Response: 2.05 (Content) -----------| | |
Request: Header: GET (Code=0.01) Uri-Host: "kdc.example.com" Uri-Path: "ace-group" Uri-Path: "g1" Uri-Path: "policies" Payload: - Response: Header: Content (Code=2.05) Content-Format: application/ace-groupcomm+cbor Payload(in CBOR diagnostic notation): { / group_policies / 16: { / Expiration Delta / 2: 120 } }
This resource implements the GET, PUT, and DELETE handlers.¶
In addition to what is defined in Section 4.1.2, each of the handlers performs the following two verifications.¶
The handler expects a GET request.¶
If all verifications succeed, the handler replies with a 2.05 (Content) response containing both the group keying material and the individual keying material for the Client or information enabling the Client to derive it.¶
The payload of the response is formatted as a CBOR map, which includes the same fields of the response defined in Section 4.3.2. In particular, the format for the group keying material is the same as defined in the response of Section 4.3.2. If the 'exp' parameter is included, the 'exi' parameter MUST also be included. If the parameter 'exi' is included, its value specifies the residual lifetime of the group keying material from the current time at the KDC.¶
The CBOR map can include additional parameters that specify the individual keying material for the Client. The specific format of individual keying material for group members or of the information to derive such keying material MUST be defined in application profiles of this specification (REQ27), together with the corresponding CBOR map key that has to be registered in the "ACE Groupcomm Parameters" registry defined in Section 11.7.¶
Optionally, the KDC can make the sub-resource at /ace-group/GROUPNAME/nodes/NODENAME also observable [RFC7641] for the associated node. In case the KDC removes that node from the group without having been explicitly asked for it, this allows the KDC to send an unsolicited 4.04 (Not Found) response to the node as a notification of eviction from the group (see Section 5).¶
Note that the node could have also been observing the resource at /ace-group/GROUPNAME in order to be informed of changes in the group keying material. In such a case, this method would result in largely overlapping notifications received for the resource at /ace-group/GROUPNAME and the sub-resource at /ace-group/GROUPNAME/nodes/NODENAME.¶
In order to mitigate this, a node that supports the CoAP No-Response Option [RFC7967] can use it when starting the observation of the sub-resource at /ace-group/GROUPNAME/nodes/NODENAME. In particular, the GET observation request can also include the No-Response option, with value set to 2 (Not interested in 2.xx responses).¶
When any of the following happens, a node MUST stop using the stored group keying material to protect outgoing messages and SHOULD stop using it to decrypt and verify incoming messages.¶
In either case, if it wants to continue participating in the group communication, the Client has to request the latest keying material from the KDC. To this end, the Client sends a CoAP GET request to the /ace-group/GROUPNAME/nodes/NODENAME endpoint at the KDC, formatted as specified in Section 4.8.1. The Client can request the latest keying material from the KDC before the currently stored, old keying material reaches its expiration time.¶
Note that policies can be set up so that the Client sends a Key Distribution Request to the KDC only after a given number of received messages could not be decrypted (because of failed decryption processing or the inability to retrieve the necessary keying material).¶
It is application dependent and pertaining to the used secure message exchange (e.g., [GROUP-OSCORE]) to set up these policies for instructing Clients to retain incoming messages and for how long (OPT11). This allows Clients to possibly decrypt such messages after getting updated keying material, rather than just consider them invalid messages to discard right away.¶
After having failed to decrypt messages from another group member and having sent a Key Distribution Request to the KDC, the Client might end up retrieving the same, latest group keying material that it already stores. In such a case, multiple failed decryptions might be due to the message sender and/or the KDC that have changed their authentication credential. Hence, the Client can retrieve such latest authentication credentials by sending to the KDC an Authentication Credential Request (see Sections 4.4.1.1 and 4.4.2.1) and a KDC Authentication Credential Request (see Section 4.5.1.1), respectively.¶
The Client can also send to the KDC a Key Distribution Request without having been triggered by a failed decryption of a message from another group member, if the Client wants to be sure that it currently stores the latest group keying material. If that is the case, the Client will receive from the KDC the same group keying material it already stores.¶
Figure 27 gives an overview of the exchange described above, while Figure 28 shows an example.¶
Client KDC | | |------------------ Key Distribution Request: --------------->| | GET /ace-group/GROUPNAME/nodes/NODENAME | | | |<-------- Key Distribution Response: 2.05 (Content) ---------| | |
Request: Header: GET (Code=0.01) Uri-Host: "kdc.example.com" Uri-Path: "ace-group" Uri-Path: "g1" Uri-Path: "nodes" Uri-Path: "c101" Payload: - Response: Header: Content (Code=2.05) Content-Format: application/ace-groupcomm+cbor Payload (in CBOR diagnostic notation, with "ind-key" being the profile-specified label for individual keying material): { / gkty / 7: 65600, / key / 8: h'73657373696f6e6b6579', / num / 9: 12, "ind-key": h'fcae9023' }
The PUT handler processes requests from a Client that asks for new individual keying material, as required to process messages exchanged in the group.¶
The handler expects a PUT request with an empty payload.¶
In addition to what is defined in Section 4.1.2 and at the beginning of Section 4.8, the handler verifies that this operation is consistent with the set of roles that the Client has in the group (REQ11). If the verification fails, the KDC MUST reply with a 4.00 (Bad Request) error response. The response MUST have Content-Format "application/concise-problem-details+cbor" and is formatted as defined in Section 4.1.2. Within the Custom Problem Detail entry 'ace-groupcomm-error', the value of the 'error-id' field MUST be set to 1 ("Request inconsistent with the current roles").¶
If the KDC is currently not able to serve this request, i.e., to generate new individual keying material for the requesting Client, the KDC MUST reply with a 5.03 (Service unavailable) error response. The response MUST have Content-Format "application/concise-problem-details+cbor" and is formatted as defined in Section 4.1.2. Within the Custom Problem Detail entry 'ace-groupcomm-error', the value of the 'error-id' field MUST be set to 4 ("No available node identifiers").¶
If all verifications succeed, the handler replies with a 2.04 (Changed) response containing newly generated individual keying material for the Client. The payload of the response is formatted as a CBOR map. The specific format of newly generated individual keying material for group members or of the information to derive such keying material MUST be defined in application profiles of this specification (REQ27), together with the corresponding CBOR map key that has to be registered in the "ACE Groupcomm Parameters" registry defined in Section 11.7.¶
The typical successful outcome consists in replying with newly generated individual keying material for the Client, as defined above. However, application profiles of this specification MAY also extend this handler in order to achieve different akin outcomes (OPT12), for instance:¶
In either case, the handler may specify the new group keying material as part of the 2.04 (Changed) response.¶
Note that this handler is not intended to accommodate requests from a group member to trigger a group rekeying, whose scheduling and execution is an exclusive prerogative of the KDC (also see related security considerations in Section 10.2).¶
A Client may ask the KDC for new individual keying material. For instance, this can be due to the expiration of such individual keying material or to the exhaustion of Authenticated Encryption with Associated Data (AEAD) nonces if an AEAD encryption algorithm is used for protecting communications in the group. An example of individual keying material can simply be an individual encryption key associated with the Client. Hence, the Client may ask for a new individual encryption key or for new input material to derive it.¶
To this end, the Client performs a Key Renewal Request-Response exchange with the KDC, i.e., it sends a CoAP PUT request to the /ace-group/GROUPNAME/nodes/NODENAME endpoint at the KDC, which is formatted as defined in Section 4.8.1 and with the group identified by GROUPNAME.¶
Figure 29 gives an overview of the exchange described above, while Figure 30 shows an example.¶
Client KDC | | |---------------- Key Renewal Request: ---------------->| | PUT /ace-group/GROUPNAME/nodes/NODENAME | | | |<-------- Key Renewal Response: 2.04 (Changed) --------| | |
Request: Header: PUT (Code=0.03) Uri-Host: "kdc.example.com" Uri-Path: "ace-group" Uri-Path: "g1" Uri-Path: "nodes" Uri-Path: "c101" Payload: - Response: Header: Changed (Code=2.04) Content-Format: application/ace-groupcomm+cbor Payload (in CBOR diagnostic notation, with "ind-key" being the profile-specified label for individual keying material): { "ind-key": h'b71acc28' }
Note that there is a difference between the Key Renewal Request in this section and the Key Distribution Request in Section 4.8.1.1. The former asks the KDC for new individual keying material, while the latter asks the KDC for the current group keying material together with the current individual keying material.¶
As discussed in Section 4.8.2, application profiles of this specification may define alternative outcomes for the Key Renewal Request-Response exchange (OPT12), where the provisioning of new individual keying material is replaced by or combined with the execution of a whole group rekeying.¶
The DELETE handler removes the node identified by NODENAME from the group identified by GROUPNAME.¶
The handler expects a DELETE request with an empty payload.¶
In addition to what is defined in Section 4.1.2, the handler verifies that the Client is a current member of the group. If the verification fails, the KDC MUST reply with a 4.03 (Forbidden) error response. The response MUST have Content-Format "application/concise-problem-details+cbor" and is formatted as defined in Section 4.1.2. Within the Custom Problem Detail entry 'ace-groupcomm-error', the value of the 'error-id' field MUST be set to 0 ("Operation permitted only to group members").¶
If all verification succeeds, the handler performs the actions defined in Section 5 and replies with a 2.02 (Deleted) response with an empty payload.¶
A Client can actively request to leave the group. In this case, the Client sends a CoAP DELETE request to the endpoint /ace-group/GROUPNAME/nodes/NODENAME at the KDC, where GROUPNAME identifies the group and NODENAME is the Client's node name.¶
Note that, after having left the group, the Client may wish to join it again. Then, as long as the Client is still authorized to join the group, i.e., the associated access token is still valid, the Client can request to rejoin the group directly to the KDC (see Section 4.3.1.1) without having to retrieve a new access token from the AS.¶
This resource implements the POST handler.¶
The POST handler is used to replace the stored authentication credential of this Client (identified by NODENAME) with the one specified in the request at the KDC for the group identified by GROUPNAME.¶
The handler expects a POST request with the payload as specified in Section 4.3.1, with the difference that the payload includes only the parameters 'client_cred', 'cnonce', and 'client_cred_verify'.¶
The PoP evidence included in the 'client_cred_verify' parameter is computed in the same way considered in Section 4.3.1 and defined by the specific application profile (REQ14) by using the following to build the PoP input: i) the same scope entry specified by the Client in the 'scope' parameter of the latest Join Request that the Client sent to the KDC in order to join the group identified by GROUPNAME; ii) the latest N_S value stored by the Client; and iii) a new N_C nonce generated by the Client and specified in the parameter 'cnonce' of this request.¶
An example of PoP input to compute 'client_cred_verify' using CBOR encoding is given in Figure 31.¶
It is REQUIRED for application profiles to define the specific formats of authentication credentials that are acceptable to use in the group (REQ6).¶
In addition to what is defined in Section 4.1.2 and at the beginning of Section 4.8, the handler verifies that this operation is consistent with the set of roles that the node has in the group. If the verification fails, the KDC MUST reply with a 4.00 (Bad Request) error response. The response MUST have Content-Format "application/concise-problem-details+cbor" and is formatted as defined in Section 4.1.2. Within the Custom Problem Detail entry 'ace-groupcomm-error', the value of the 'error-id' field MUST be set to 1 ("Request inconsistent with the current roles").¶
If the KDC cannot retrieve the 'kdcchallenge' associated with this Client (see Section 3.3), the KDC MUST reply with a 4.00 (Bad Request) error response, which MUST also have Content-Format "application/ace-groupcomm+cbor". The payload of the error response is a CBOR map including the 'kdcchallenge' parameter, which specifies a newly generated 'kdcchallenge' value. In such a case, the KDC MUST store the newly generated value as the 'kdcchallenge' value associated with this Client, replacing the currently stored value (if any).¶
Otherwise, the handler checks that the authentication credential specified in the 'client_cred' field is valid for the group identified by GROUPNAME. That is, the handler checks that the authentication credential is encoded according to the format used in the group, is intended for the public key algorithm used in the group, and is aligned with the possible associated parameters used in the group. If that cannot be successfully verified, the handler MUST reply with a 4.00 (Bad Request) error response. The response MUST have Content-Format "application/concise-problem-details+cbor" and is formatted as defined in Section 4.1.2. Within the Custom Problem Detail entry 'ace-groupcomm-error', the value of the 'error-id' field MUST be set to 2 ("Authentication credential incompatible with the group configuration").¶
Otherwise, the handler verifies the PoP evidence conveyed in the 'client_cred_verify' parameter of the request, by using the authentication credential specified in the 'client_cred' parameter as well as the same way considered in Section 4.3.1 and defined by the specific application profile (REQ14). If the PoP evidence does not pass verification, the handler MUST reply with a 4.00 (Bad Request) error response. The response MUST have Content-Format "application/concise-problem-details+cbor" and is formatted as defined in Section 4.1.2. Within the Custom Problem Detail entry 'ace-groupcomm-error', the value of the 'error-id' field MUST be set to 3 ("Invalid proof-of-possession evidence").¶
If all verifications succeed, the handler performs the following actions.¶
Then, the handler replies with a 2.04 (Changed) response, which does not include a payload.¶
scope, N_S, and N_C expressed in CBOR diagnostic notation: scope = h'826667726f7570316673656e646572' N_S = h'018a278f7faab55a' N_C = h'0446baefc56111bf' scope, N_S, and N_C as CBOR encoded byte strings: scope = 0x4f826667726F7570316673656E646572 N_S = 0x48018a278f7faab55a N_C = 0x480446baefc56111bf PoP input: 0x4f 826667726f7570316673656e646572 48 018a278f7faab55a 48 0446baefc56111bf
In case the KDC maintains the authentication credentials of group members, a node in the group can contact the KDC to upload a new authentication credential to use in the group and to replace the currently stored one.¶
To this end, the Client performs an Authentication Credential Update Request-Response exchange with the KDC, i.e., it sends a CoAP POST request to the /ace-group/GROUPNAME/nodes/NODENAME/cred endpoint at the KDC, where GROUPNAME identifies the group and NODENAME is the Client's node name.¶
The request is formatted as specified in Section 4.9.1.¶
Figure 32 gives an overview of the exchange described above, while Figure 33 shows an example.¶
Client KDC | | |----------- Authentication Credential Update Request: --------->| | POST /ace-group/GROUPNAME/nodes/NODENAME/cred | | | |<-- Authentication Credential Update Response: 2.04 (Changed) --| | |
Request: Header: POST (Code=0.02) Uri-Host: "kdc.example.com" Uri-Path: "ace-group" Uri-Path: "g1" Uri-Path: "nodes" Uri-Path: "c101" Uri-Path: "cred" Content-Format: application/ace-groupcomm+cbor Payload (in CBOR diagnostic notation): { / client_cred / 5: h'a2026008a101a501020241fc20012158 20bac5b11cad8f99f9c72b05cf4b9e26 d244dc189f745228255a219a86d6a09e ff22582020138bf82dc1b6d562be0fa5 4ab7804a3a64b6d72ccfed6b6fb6ed28 bbfc117e', / cnonce / 6: h'0446baefc56111bf', / client_cred_verify / 24: h'e2aeafd40d69d19dfe6e52077c5d7ff4 e408282cbefb5d06cbf414af2e19d982 ac45ac98b8544c908b4507de1e90b717 c3d34816fe926a2b98f53afd2fa0f30a' } Response: Header: Changed (Code=2.04) Payload: -
Additionally, after updating its own authentication credential, a group member MAY send to the group a number of requests, including an identifier of the updated authentication credential, to notify other group members that they have to retrieve it. How this is done depends on the group communication protocol used and therefore is application profile specific (OPT13).¶
A Client identified by NODENAME may be removed from a group identified by GROUPNAME where it is a member, for example, due to the following reasons.¶
In all cases, the KDC performs the following actions.¶
If the sub-resource /nodes/NODENAME was created for the removed Client, the KDC deletes that sub-resource.¶
In case of forced eviction, i.e., for cases 2 and 3 above, the KDC MAY explicitly inform the removed Client by means of the following methods.¶
If the evicted Client is observing its associated sub-resource at /ace-group/GROUPNAME/nodes/NODENAME (see Section 4.8.1), the KDC sends an unsolicited 4.04 (Not Found) error response, which does not include the Observe Option and indicates that the observed resource has been deleted (see Section 3.2 of [RFC7641]).¶
The response MUST have Content-Format "application/concise-problem-details+cbor" and is formatted as defined in Section 4.1.2. Within the Custom Problem Detail entry 'ace-groupcomm-error', the value of the 'error-id' field MUST be set to 5 ("Group membership terminated").¶
A group rekeying is started and driven by the KDC. The KDC is not intended to accommodate explicit requests from group members to trigger a group rekeying. That is, the scheduling and execution of a group rekeying is an exclusive prerogative of the KDC. Some reasons that can trigger a group rekeying include a change in the group membership, the current group keying material approaching its expiration time, or a regularly scheduled update of the group keying material.¶
The KDC can perform a group rekeying before the current group keying material expires, unless it is acceptable or there are reasons to temporarily pause secure communications in the group, following the expiration of the current keying material. For example, a pause in the group communication might have been scheduled to start anyway when the group keying material expires, e.g., to allow maintenance operations on the group members. As another example, the KDC might be carrying out a verification that some group members are seemingly compromised and to be evicted, and this needs to be completed in order to appropriately define and schedule the exact rekeying process to perform. As a result, the KDC could delay the execution of the group rekeying.¶
The KDC MUST increment the version number NUM of the current keying material before distributing the newly generated keying material with version number NUM+1 to the group. Once the group rekeying is completed, the KDC MUST delete the old keying material and SHOULD store the newly distributed keying material in persistent storage.¶
Distributing the new group keying material requires the KDC to send multiple rekeying messages to the group members. Depending on the rekeying scheme used in the group and the reason that has triggered the rekeying process, each rekeying message can be intended for one or multiple group members, hereafter referred to as target group members. The KDC MUST support at least the "Point-to-Point" group rekeying scheme described in Section 6.1 and MAY support additional ones.¶
Each rekeying message MUST have Content-Format "application/ace-groupcomm+cbor" and its payload is formatted as a CBOR map, which MUST include at least the information specified in the Key Distribution Response message (see Section 4.3.2), i.e., the parameters 'gkty', 'key', and 'num' defined in Section 4.3.1. The CBOR map SHOULD also include the parameters 'exp' and 'exi'. If the 'exp' parameter is included, the 'exi' parameter MUST also be included. The CBOR map MAY include the parameter 'mgt_key_material' to specify new administrative keying material for the target group members if it is relevant for the used rekeying scheme.¶
A rekeying message may include additional information, depending on the rekeying scheme used in the group, the reason that has triggered the rekeying process, and the specific target group members. In particular, if the group rekeying is performed due to one or multiple Clients that have joined the group and the KDC acts as a repository of authentication credentials of the group members, then a rekeying message MAY also include the authentication credentials that those Clients use in the group, together with the roles and node identifier that each of such Clients has in the group. It is RECOMMENDED to specify this information by means of the parameters 'creds', 'peer_roles', and 'peer_identifiers', like it is done in the Join Response message (see Section 4.3.1).¶
The complete format of a rekeying message, including the encoding and content of the 'mgt_key_material' parameter, has to be defined in separate specifications aimed at profiling the used rekeying scheme in the context of the used application profile of this specification. As a particular case, an application profile of this specification MAY define additional information to include in rekeying messages for the "Point-to-Point" group rekeying scheme defined in Section 6.1 (OPT14).¶
Consistently with the used group rekeying scheme, the actual delivery of rekeying messages can occur through different approaches, as discussed in Sections 6.1 and 6.2.¶
The possible, temporary misalignment of the keying material stored by the different group members due to a group rekeying is discussed in Section 6.3. Further security considerations related to the group rekeying process are compiled in Section 10.2.¶
A point-to-point group rekeying consists in the KDC sending one individual rekeying message to each target group member. In particular, the rekeying message is protected by means of the secure communication association between the KDC and the target group member in question, as per the used application profile of this specification and the used transport profile of ACE.¶
This is the approach taken by the basic "Point-to-Point" group rekeying scheme, which the KDC can explicitly indicate in the Join Response (see Section 4.3.1), through the 'rekeying_scheme' parameter specifying the value 0.¶
When taking this approach in the group identified by GROUPNAME, the KDC can practically deliver the rekeying messages to the target group members in different, coexisting ways.¶
The KDC SHOULD make the /ace-group/GROUPNAME resource observable [RFC7641]. Thus, upon performing a group rekeying, the KDC can distribute the new group keying material through individual notification responses sent to the target group members that are also observing that resource.¶
In case the KDC deletes the group (and thus deletes the /ace-group/GROUPNAME resource), relying on CoAP Observe as discussed above also allows the KDC to send an unsolicited 4.04 (Not Found) response to each observer group member as a notification of group termination. The response MUST have Content-Format "application/concise-problem-details+cbor" and is formatted as defined in Section 4.1.2. Within the Custom Problem Detail entry 'ace-groupcomm-error', the value of the 'error-id' field MUST be set to 6 ("Group deleted").¶
If a target group member specified a URI in the 'control_uri' parameter of the Join Request upon joining the group (see Section 4.3.1), the KDC can provide that group member with the new group keying material by sending a unicast POST request to that URI.¶
A Client that does not plan to observe the /ace-group/GROUPNAME resource at the KDC SHOULD specify a URI in the 'control_uri' parameter of the Join Request upon joining the group.¶
If the KDC has to send a rekeying message to a target group member, but this did not include the 'control_uri' parameter in the Join Request and is not a registered observer for the /ace-group/GROUPNAME resource, then that target group member will not be able to participate in the group rekeying. Later on, after having repeatedly failed to successfully exchange secure messages in the group, that group member can retrieve the current group keying material from the KDC, by sending a GET request to the /ace-group/GROUPNAME or /ace-group/GROUPNAME/nodes/NODENAME resource at the KDC (see Sections 4.3.2 and 4.8.1, respectively).¶
Figure 34 provides an example of point-to-point group rekeying. In particular, the example makes the following assumptions:¶
In the example, the KDC individually rekeys the group members intended to remain in the group (i.e., C1, C2, and C4) by means of one rekeying message each.¶
This section provides high-level recommendations on how the KDC can rekey a group by means of a more efficient and scalable group rekeying scheme, e.g., [RFC2093], [RFC2094], and [RFC2627]. That is, each rekeying message might be, and likely is, intended for multiple target group members, and thus can be delivered to the whole group, although possible to decrypt only for the actual target group members.¶
This yields an overall lower number of rekeying messages, thus potentially reducing the overall time required to rekey the group. On the other hand, it requires the KDC to provide and use additional administrative keying material to protect the rekeying messages and to additionally sign them to ensure source authentication (see Section 6.2.1).¶
Compared to a group rekeying performed in a point-to-point fashion (see Section 6.1), a one-to-many group rekeying typically pays off in large-scale groups due to the reduced time for completing the rekeying, a more efficient utilization of network resources, and a reduced performance overhead at the KDC. To different extents, it also requires individual group members to locally perform additional operations in order to handle the administrative keying material and verify source authentication of rekeying messages. Therefore, one-to-many group rekeying schemes and their employment ought to ensure that the experienced performance overhead on the group members also remains bearable for resource-constrained devices.¶
The exact set of rekeying messages to send, their content and format, the administrative keying material to use to protect them, as well as the set of target group members depend on the specific group rekeying scheme and are typically affected by the reason that has triggered the group rekeying. Details about the data content and format of rekeying messages have to be defined by separate documents profiling the use of the group rekeying scheme in the context of the used application profile of this specification.¶
When one of these group rekeying schemes is used, the KDC provides related information to a Client joining the group in the Join Response message (see Section 4.3.1). In particular, the 'rekeying_scheme' parameter indicates the rekeying scheme used in the group (if no default scheme can be assumed); the 'control_group_uri' parameter, if present, specifies a URI whose addressing information is, e.g., a multicast IP address where the KDC will send the rekeying messages for that group as intended to reach all the group members; and the 'mgt_key_material' parameter specifies a subset of the administrative keying material intended for that particular joining Client to have, as used to protect the rekeying messages sent to the group when also intended for that joining Client.¶
Rekeying messages can be protected at the application layer by using COSE [RFC9052] and the administrative keying material as prescribed by the specific group rekeying scheme (see Section 6.2.1). After that, the delivery of protected rekeying messages to the intended target group members can occur in different ways, such as the following ones.¶
In this case, the KDC simply sends a rekeying message as a CoAP request addressed to the URI specified in the 'control_group_uri' parameter of the Join Response (see Section 4.3.1).¶
If a particular rekeying message is intended for a single target group member, the KDC may alternatively protect the message using the secure communication association with that group member and deliver the message like when using the "Point-to-Point" group rekeying scheme (see Section 6.1).¶
In this case, the KDC acts as a publisher and publishes each rekeying message to a specific "rekeying topic", which is associated with the group and is hosted at a Broker server. Following their group joining, the group members subscribe to the rekeying topic at the Broker, thus receiving the group rekeying messages as they are published by the KDC.¶
In order to make such message delivery more efficient, the rekeying topic associated with a group can be further organized into subtopics. For instance, the KDC can use a particular subtopic to address a particular set of target group members during the rekeying process as possibly aligned to a similar organization of the administrative keying material (e.g., a key hierarchy).¶
The setup of rekeying topics at the Broker as well as the discovery of the topics at the Broker for group members are application specific. A possible way is for the KDC to provide such information in the Join Response message (see Section 4.3.1) by means of a new parameter analogous to 'control_group_uri' and specifying the URI(s) of the rekeying topic(s) that a group member has to subscribe to at the Broker.¶
Regardless of the specifically used delivery method, the group rekeying scheme can perform a possible rollover of the administrative keying material through the same sent rekeying messages. Actually, such a rollover occurs every time a group rekeying is performed upon the leaving of group members, which have to be excluded from future communications in the group.¶
From a high-level point of view, each group member stores only a subset of the overall administrative keying material, which is obtained upon joining the group. Then, when a group rekeying occurs:¶
Further details depend on the specific rekeying scheme used in the group.¶
Figure 35 provides an example of a one-to-many group rekeying over multicast. In particular, the example makes the following assumptions:¶
In the example, the KDC determines that the most convenient way to perform a group rekeying that evicts C3 is as follows.¶
First, the KDC sends one rekeying message over multicast to the multicast address MULT_ADDR and the url-path "grp-mrek". In the figure, the message is denoted with solid arrows. The message is protected with a non-compromised key from the administrative keying material that only C1 and C2 store. Therefore, even though all the group members receive this message, only C1 and C2 are able to decrypt it. The message includes: the new group keying material with version number num=6 and new keys from the administrative keying material to replace those stored by the group members C1, C2, and C3.¶
After that, the KDC sends one rekeying message addressed individually to C4 and with url-path "grp-rek". In the figure, the message is denoted with a dotted arrow. The message is protected with the secure association shared between C4 and the KDC. The message includes: the new group keying material with version number num=6 and new keys from the administrative keying material to replace those stored by both C4 and C3.¶
When using a group rekeying scheme relying on one-to-many rekeying messages, the actual data content of each rekeying message is prepared according to what the rekeying scheme prescribes.¶
The following describes one possible method for the KDC to protect the rekeying messages when using the administrative keying material.¶
The method assumes that the following holds for the administrative keying material specified in the 'mgt_key_material' parameter of the Join Response (see Section 4.3.1).¶
First, the KDC computes a COSE_Encrypt0 object as follows.¶
Since the KDC is the only sender of rekeying messages, the AEAD nonce can be computed as follows, where NONCE_SIZE is the size in bytes of the AEAD nonce. Separate documents profiling the use of the group rekeying scheme may define alternative ways to compute the AEAD nonce.¶
The KDC considers the following values.¶
Then, the KDC computes a Partial IV as the byte string concatenation of COUNT and NEW_NUM in this order. Finally, the AEAD nonce is computed as the XOR between the Base IV and the Partial IV.¶
In order to comply with the security requirements of AEAD encryption algorithms, the KDC MUST NOT reuse the same pair (AEAD encryption key, AEAD nonce). For example, this includes not using the same encryption key from the administrative keying material more than 216 times during the same rekeying instance.¶
The protected header of the COSE_Encrypt0 object MUST include the following parameters.¶
In order to ensure source authentication, each rekeying message protected with the administrative keying material MUST be signed by the KDC. To this end, the KDC computes a countersignature of the COSE_Encrypt0 object, as described in Sections 3.2 and 3.3 of [RFC9338]. In particular, the following applies when computing the countersignature.¶
If the source authentication of messages exchanged in the group is also ensured by means of signatures, then rekeying messages MUST be signed using the same signature algorithm and related parameters. Also, the KDC's authentication credential including the public key to use for signature verification MUST be provided in the Join Response through the 'kdc_cred' parameter, together with the corresponding proof-of-possession (PoP) evidence in the 'kdc_cred_verify' parameter.¶
If source authentication of messages exchanged in the group is not ensured by means of signatures, then the administrative keying material conveyed in the 'mgt_key_material' parameter of the Join Response sent by KDC (see Section 4.3.1) MUST also comprise a KDC's authentication credential including the public key to use for signature verification, together with the corresponding PoP evidence. Within the 'mgt_key_material' parameter, it is RECOMMENDED to specify this information by using the same format and encoding used for the parameters 'kdc_cred', 'kdc_nonce', and 'kdc_cred_verify' in the Join Response. It is up to separate documents profiling the use of the group rekeying scheme to specify such details.¶
After that, the KDC specifies the computed countersignature in the 'Countersignature0 version 2' header parameter of the COSE_Encrypt0 object.¶
Finally, the KDC specifies the COSE_Encrypt0 object as payload of a CoAP request, which is sent to the target group members as per the used message delivery method.¶
A group member can receive a message shortly after the group has been rekeyed and new keying material has been distributed by the KDC. In the following two cases, this may result in misaligned keying material between the group members.¶
In the first case, the sender protects a message using the old group keying material. However, the recipient receives the message after having received the new group keying material, hence it is not able to correctly process the message. A possible way to limit the impact of this issue is to preserve the old, retained group keying material for a maximum amount of time defined by the application, during which such group keying material is used solely for processing incoming messages. By doing so, the recipient can still temporarily process received messages also by using the old, retained group keying material. Note that a former (compromised) group member can take advantage of this by sending messages protected with the old, retained group keying material. Therefore, a conservative application policy should not admit the storage of old group keying material. Eventually, the sender will have obtained the new group keying material too and can possibly resend the message protected with such keying material.¶
In the second case, the sender protects a message using the new group keying material, but the recipient receives that message before having received the new group keying material. Therefore, the recipient will not be able to correctly process the message and hence will discard it. If the recipient receives the new group keying material shortly after that and the application at the sender endpoint performs retransmissions, the former will still be able to receive and correctly process the message. In any case, the recipient should actively ask the KDC for the latest group keying material according to an application-defined policy, for instance, after a given number of unsuccessfully decrypted incoming messages.¶
This section defines an extended format of binary-encoded scope, which additionally specifies the semantics used to express the same access control information from the corresponding original scope.¶
As also discussed in Section 3.2, this enables a Resource Server to unambiguously process a received access token, also in case the Resource Server runs multiple applications or application profiles that involve different scope semantics.¶
The extended format is intended only for the 'scope' claim of access tokens for the cases where the claim takes a CBOR byte string as the value. That is, the extended format does not apply to the 'scope' parameter included in ACE messages, i.e., the Authorization Request and Authorization Response exchanged between the Client and the Authorization Server (see Sections 5.8.1 and 5.8.2 of [RFC9200]), the AS Request Creation Hints message from the Resource Server (see Section 5.3 of [RFC9200]), and the Introspection Response from the Authorization Server (see Section 5.9.2 of [RFC9200]).¶
The value of the 'scope' claim following the extended format is composed as follows. Given the original scope using semantics SEM and encoded as a CBOR byte string, the corresponding extended scope consists of the same CBOR byte string enclosed by a CBOR tag [RFC8949], whose tag number identifies the semantics SEM.¶
The resulting tagged CBOR byte string is used as the value of the 'scope' claim of the access token.¶
Figures 36 and 37 build on the examples in Section 3.1 and show the corresponding extended scopes.¶
;# include rfc9237 gname = tstr permissions = uint .bits roles roles = &( Requester: 1, Responder: 2, Monitor: 3, Verifier: 4 ) scope_entries = AIF-Generic<gname, permissions> scope = bstr .cbor scope_entries extended_scope = #6.<TAG_FOR_THIS_SEMANTICS>(scope) TAG_FOR_THIS_SEMANTICS = uint
gname = tstr role = tstr scope_entry = [ gname , ? ( role / [ 2*role ] ) ] scope_entries = [ * scope_entry ] scope = bstr .cbor scope_entries extended_scope = #6.<TAG_FOR_THIS_SEMANTICS>(scope) TAG_FOR_THIS_SEMANTICS = uint
The usage of the extended scope format is not limited to application profiles of this specification or to applications based on group communication. Rather, it is generally applicable to any application and application profile where access control information in the access token is expressed as a binary-encoded scope.¶
Applications and application profiles using the extended format of scope have to specify which CBOR tag from [CBOR.Tags] is used for identifying the scope semantics or to register a new CBOR tag if a suitable one does not exist already (REQ28). In case there is an already existing, suitable CBOR tag, a new CBOR tag should not be registered in order to avoid code point squatting.¶
If the binary-encoded scope uses semantics associated with a registered CoAP Content-Format [RFC7252] [CoAP.Content.Formats], then a suitable CBOR tag associated with that CoAP Content-Format would already be registered, as defined in Section 4.3 of [RFC9277].¶
This is especially relevant when the binary encoded scope uses AIF. That is, it is expected that the definition of an AIF-specific data model comes together with the registration of CoAP Content-Formats for the relevant combinations of its Toid and Tperm values. As discussed above, this yields the automatic registration of the CBOR tags associated with those CoAP Content-Formats.¶
This specification defines a number of parameters used during the second phase of the key provisioning process, i.e., after the exchange after the exchange of Token Transfer Request and Response. The table below summarizes them and specifies the CBOR map keys to use instead of the full descriptive names.¶
Note that the media type "application/ace-groupcomm+cbor" MUST be used when these parameters are transported in the respective CBOR map entries.¶
Name | CBOR Key | CBOR Type | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
gid | 0 | array | RFC 9594 |
gname | 1 | array of tstr | RFC 9594 |
guri | 2 | array of tstr | RFC 9594 |
scope | 3 | bstr | RFC 9594 |
get_creds | 4 | Null or array | RFC 9594 |
client_cred | 5 | bstr | RFC 9594 |
cnonce | 6 | bstr | RFC 9594 |
gkty | 7 | int or tstr | RFC 9594 |
key | 8 | See the "ACE Groupcomm Key Types" registry | RFC 9594 |
num | 9 | int | RFC 9594 |
ace_groupcomm_profile | 10 | int | RFC 9594 |
exp | 11 | uint | RFC 9594 |
exi | 12 | uint | RFC 9594 |
creds | 13 | array | RFC 9594 |
peer_roles | 14 | array | RFC 9594 |
peer_identifiers | 15 | array | RFC 9594 |
group_policies | 16 | map | RFC 9594 |
kdc_cred | 17 | bstr | RFC 9594 |
kdc_nonce | 18 | bstr | RFC 9594 |
kdc_cred_verify | 19 | bstr | RFC 9594 |
rekeying_scheme | 20 | int | RFC 9594 |
client_cred_verify | 24 | bstr | RFC 9594 |
creds_repo | 25 | tstr | RFC 9594 |
control_uri | 26 | tstr | RFC 9594 |
mgt_key_material | 27 | bstr | RFC 9594 |
control_group_uri | 28 | tstr | RFC 9594 |
sign_info | 29 | Null or array | RFC 9594 |
kdcchallenge | 30 | bstr | RFC 9594 |
The KDC is expected to support all the parameters above. Instead, a Client can support only a subset of such parameters, depending on the roles it expects to take in the joined groups or on other conditions defined in application profiles of this specification.¶
In the following, the parameters are categorized according to the support expected by Clients. That is, a Client that supports a parameter is able to: i) use and specify it in a request message to the KDC; and ii) understand and process it if specified in a response message from the KDC. It is REQUIRED of application profiles of this specification to sort their newly defined parameters according to the same categorization (REQ29).¶
Note that the actual use of a parameter and its inclusion in a message depends on the specific exchange, the specific Client and group involved, as well as what is defined in the used application profile of this specification.¶
A Client MUST support the following parameters.¶
A Client SHOULD support the following parameter.¶
The following conditional parameters are relevant only if specific conditions hold. It is REQUIRED of application profiles of this specification to define whether Clients must, should, or may support these parameters and under which circumstances (REQ30).¶
This specification defines a number of values that the KDC can use as error identifiers. These are used in error responses with Content-Format "application/concise-problem-details+cbor", as values of the 'error-id' field within the Custom Problem Detail entry 'ace-groupcomm-error' (see Section 4.1.2).¶
Value | Description |
---|---|
0 | Operation permitted only to group members |
1 | Request inconsistent with the current roles |
2 | Authentication credential incompatible with the group configuration |
3 | Invalid proof-of-possession evidence |
4 | No available node identifiers |
5 | Group membership terminated |
6 | Group deleted |
If a Client supports the problem-details format [RFC9290] and the Custom Problem Detail entry 'ace-groupcomm-error' defined in Section 4.1.2 of this document and is able to understand the error specified in the 'error-id' field therein, then the Client can use that information to determine what actions to take next. If the Concise Problem Details data item specified in the error response includes the 'detail' entry and the Client supports it, such an entry may provide additional context.¶
In particular, the following guidelines apply, and application profiles of this specification can define more detailed actions for the Client to take when learning that a specific error has occurred.¶
Security considerations are inherited from the ACE framework [RFC9200] and from the specific transport profile of ACE used between the Clients and the KDC, e.g., [RFC9202] and [RFC9203].¶
When using the problem-details format defined in [RFC9290] for error responses, then the privacy and security considerations from Sections 4 and 5 of [RFC9290] also apply.¶
Furthermore, the following security considerations apply.¶
When a group member receives a message from a certain sender for the first time since joining the group, it needs to have a mechanism in place to avoid replayed messages and to assert their freshness, e.g., as described in Appendix B.1.2 of [RFC8613] or Section 10 of [GROUP-OSCORE]. Such a mechanism also aids the recipient group member in case it has rebooted and lost the security state used to protect previous group communications with that sender.¶
By its nature, the KDC is invested with a large amount of trust, since it acts as a generator and provider of the symmetric keying material used to protect communications in each of its groups. While details depend on the specific communication and security protocols used in the group, the KDC is in the position to decrypt messages exchanged in the group as if it was also a group member, as long as those are protected through commonly shared group keying material.¶
A compromised KDC would thus put the attacker in the same position, which also means that:¶
On the other hand, as long as the security protocol used in the group ensures source authentication of messages (e.g., by means of signatures), the KDC is not able to impersonate group members since it does not have their private keys.¶
Further security considerations are specific to the communication and security protocols used in the group, and thus have to be provided by those protocols and complemented by the application profiles of this specification using them.¶
The KDC can generate new group keying material and provide it to the group members (rekeying) through the rekeying scheme used in the group, as discussed in Section 6.¶
In particular, the KDC must renew the latest group keying material upon its expiration. Before then, the KDC MAY also renew the group keying material on a regular or periodical fashion.¶
Unless otherwise defined by an application profile of this specification, the KDC SHOULD renew the group keying material upon a group membership change. As a possible exception, the KDC may not rekey the group upon the joining of a new group member if the application does not require backward security. As another possible exception discussed more in detail later in this section, the KDC may rely on a rekeying policy that reasonably takes into account the expected rate of group membership changes and the duration of a group rekeying.¶
Since the minimum number of group members is one, the KDC SHOULD provide even a Client joining an empty group with new keying material never used before in that group. Similarly, the KDC SHOULD also provide new group keying material to a Client that remains the only member in the group after the leaving of other group members.¶
Note that the considerations in Section 10.1 about dealing with replayed messages still hold, even in case the KDC rekeys the group upon every single joining of a new group member. However, if the KDC has renewed the group keying material upon a group member's joining and the time interval between the end of the rekeying process and that member's joining is sufficiently small, then that group member is also on the safe side, since it would not accept replayed messages protected with the old group keying material previous to its joining.¶
Once a joining node has obtained the new, latest keying material through a Join Response from the KDC (see Section 4.3.1.1), the joining node becomes able to read any message that was exchanged in the group and protected with that keying material. This is the case if the KDC provides the current group members with the new, latest keying material before completing the joining procedure. However, the joining node is not able to read messages exchanged in the group and protected with keying material older than the one provided in the Join Response, i.e., having a strictly lower version number NUM.¶
A node that has left the group should not expect any of its outgoing messages to be successfully processed if received by other nodes in the group after its leaving due to a possible group rekeying occurring before the message reception.¶
The KDC may enforce a rekeying policy that takes into account the overall time required to rekey the group, as well as the expected rate of changes in the group membership. That is, the KDC may not rekey the group at each and every group membership change, for instance, if members' joining and leaving occur frequently and performing a group rekeying takes too long. Instead, the KDC might rekey the group after a minimum number of group members have joined or left within a given time interval, after a maximum amount of time since the last group rekeying was completed, or yet during predictable network inactivity periods.¶
However, this would result in the KDC not constantly preserving backward and forward security in the group. That is:¶
The KDC should renew the group keying material in case it has rebooted, even if it stores the whole group keying material in persistent storage. This assumes that the secure communication associations with the current group members as well as any administrative keying material required to rekey the group are also stored in persistent storage.¶
However, if the KDC relies on Observe notifications to distribute the new group keying material, the KDC would have lost all the current ongoing Observations with the group members after rebooting, and the group members would continue using the old group keying material. Therefore, the KDC will rely on each group member asking for the new group keying material (see Sections 4.3.2.1 and 4.8.1.1) or perform a group rekeying by actively sending rekeying messages to group members as discussed in Section 6.¶
The KDC needs to have a mechanism in place to detect DoS attacks from nodes repeatedly performing actions that might trigger a group rekeying. Such actions can include leaving and/or rejoining the group at high rates or often asking the KDC for new individual keying material. Ultimately, the KDC can resort to removing these nodes from the group and (temporarily) preventing them from joining the group again.¶
The KDC also needs to have a congestion control mechanism in place in order to avoid network congestion upon distributing new group keying material. For example, CoAP and Observe give guidance on such mechanisms, see Section 4.7 of [RFC7252] and Section 4.5.1 of [RFC7641].¶
If the Block-Wise CoAP options [RFC7959] are used and the keying material is updated in the middle of a Block-Wise transfer, the sender of the blocks just changes the group keying material to the updated one and continues the transfer. As long as both sides get the new group keying material, updating the group keying material in the middle of a transfer will not cause any issue. Otherwise, the sender will have to transmit the message again when receiving an error message from the recipient.¶
Compared to a scenario where the transfer does not use Block-Wise, and depending on how fast the group keying material is changed, the group members might consume a larger amount of the network bandwidth by repeatedly resending the same blocks, which might be problematic.¶
Per this document, IANA has completed the following actions.¶
This specification has registered the "application/ace-groupcomm+cbor" media type for messages of the protocols defined in this document following the ACE exchange and carrying parameters encoded in CBOR. This registration follows the procedures specified in [RFC6838].¶
IANA has registered the following entry in the "CoAP Content-Formats" registry within the "CoRE Parameters" registry group.¶
IANA has registered the following entries in the "OAuth Parameters" registry, following the procedure specified in Section 11.2 of [RFC6749].¶
IANA has registered the following entries in the "OAuth Parameters CBOR Mappings" registry, following the procedure specified in Section 8.10 of [RFC9200].¶
IANA has registered the following entry in the "Interface Description (if=) Link Target Attribute Values" registry within the "CoRE Parameters" registry group.¶
IANA has registered the following entry in the "Custom Problem Detail Keys" registry within the "CoRE Parameters" registry group.¶
This specification has established the "ACE Groupcomm Parameters" IANA registry within the "Authentication and Authorization for Constrained Environments (ACE)" registry group.¶
Values in this registry are covered by different registration policies as indicated below. Some policies require Expert Review; guidelines are provided in Section 11.14¶
The columns of this registry are:¶
This registry has been initially populated with the values in Table 5.¶
This specification establishes the "ACE Groupcomm Key Types" IANA registry within the "Authentication and Authorization for Constrained Environments (ACE)" registry group.¶
Values in this registry are covered by different registration policies as indicated below. Some policies require Expert Review; guidelines are provided in Section 11.14.¶
The columns of this registry are:¶
This registry has been initially populated with the value in Table 1.¶
This specification establishes the "ACE Groupcomm Profiles" IANA registry within the "Authentication and Authorization for Constrained Environments (ACE)" registry group.¶
Values in this registry are covered by different registration policies as indicated below. Some policies require Expert Review; guidelines are provided in Section 11.14.¶
The columns of this registry are:¶
This registry has been initially populated with the value in Table 2.¶
This specification establishes the "ACE Groupcomm Policies" IANA registry within the "Authentication and Authorization for Constrained Environments (ACE)" registry group.¶
Values in this registry are covered by different registration policies as indicated below. Some policies require Expert Review; guidelines are provided in Section 11.14.¶
The columns of this registry are:¶
This registry has been initially populated with the values in Table 3.¶
This specification establishes the "Sequence Number Synchronization Methods" IANA registry within the "Authentication and Authorization for Constrained Environments (ACE)" registry group.¶
Values in this registry are covered by different registration policies as indicated below. Some policies require Expert Review; guidelines are provided in Section 11.14.¶
The columns of this registry are:¶
This specification establishes the "ACE Groupcomm Errors" IANA registry within the "Authentication and Authorization for Constrained Environments (ACE)" registry group.¶
Values in this registry are covered by different registration policies as indicated below. Some policies require Expert Review; guidelines are provided in Section 11.14.¶
The columns of this registry are:¶
This registry has been initially populated with the values in Table 6. The "Reference" column for all of these entries refers to this document.¶
This specification establishes the "ACE Groupcomm Rekeying Schemes" IANA registry within the "Authentication and Authorization for Constrained Environments (ACE)" registry group.¶
Values in this registry are covered by different registration policies as indicated below. Some policies require Expert Review; guidelines are provided in Section 11.14.¶
The columns of this registry are:¶
This registry has been initially populated with the value in Table 4.¶
The IANA registries established in this document are defined as Expert Review. This section gives some general guidelines for what the experts should be looking for, but they are being designated as experts for a reason so they should be given substantial latitude.¶
Expert Reviewers should take into consideration the following points:¶
This section lists the requirements for application profiles of this specification for the convenience of application profile designers.¶
As defined in Section 8.1 of [RFC9053], future algorithms can be registered in the "COSE Algorithms" registry [COSE.Algorithms] as specifying none or multiple COSE capabilities.¶
To enable the seamless use of such future registered algorithms, this section defines a general, agile format for each 'sign_info_entry' of the 'sign_info' parameter in the Token Transfer Response; see Section 3.3.1.¶
If any of the currently registered COSE algorithms are considered, using this general format yields the same structure of 'sign_info_entry' defined in this document, thus ensuring backward compatibility.¶
The format of each 'sign_info_entry' (see Section 3.3.1) is generalized as follows.¶
'sign_parameters' includes N >= 0 elements, each of which is a COSE capability of the signature algorithm indicated in 'sign_alg'.¶
In particular, 'sign_parameters' has the same format and value of the COSE capabilities array for the signature algorithm indicated in 'sign_alg', as specified for that algorithm in the "Capabilities" column of the "COSE Algorithms" registry [COSE.Algorithms].¶
'sign_key_parameters' is replaced by N elements 'sign_capab', each of which is a CBOR array.¶
The i-th 'sign_capab' array (i = 0, ..., N-1) is the array of COSE capabilities for the algorithm capability specified in 'sign_parameters'[i].¶
In particular, each 'sign_capab' array has the same format and value of the COSE capabilities array for the algorithm capability specified in 'sign_parameters'[i].¶
Such a COSE capabilities array is currently defined for the algorithm capability COSE key type in the "Capabilities" column of the "COSE Key Types" registry [COSE.Key.Types].¶
sign_info_entry = [ id : gname / [ + gname ], sign_alg : int / tstr, sign_parameters : [ * alg_capab : any ], * sign_capab : [ * capab : any ], cred_fmt : int / null ] gname = tstr
The following individuals were helpful in shaping this document: Christian Amsüss, Carsten Bormann, Roman Danyliw, Martin Duke, Thomas Fossati, Vidhi Goel, Rikard Höglund, Ben Kaduk, Erik Kline, Warren Kumari, Watson Ladd, Daniel Migault, John Preuß Mattsson, Zaheduzzaman Sarker, Jim Schaad, Ludwig Seitz, Göran Selander, Cigdem Sengul, Dave Thaler, Henry Thompson, Peter van der Stok, and Paul Wouters.¶
The work on this document has been partly supported by the Sweden's Innovation Agency VINNOVA and the Celtic-Next project CRITISEC, by the H2020 project SIFIS-Home (Grant agreement 952652), and by the EIT-Digital High Impact Initiative ACTIVE.¶